<p>The Josiah and Lydia Shedd Farmstead is a historic farm property at 1721 Bayley-Hazen Road in Peacham, Vermont. Established in 1816, the property evokes a typical 19th-century Vermont hill farm. Its oldest surviving buildings, the main house and two barns, survive from the second quarter of the 19th century. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Shedd Farmstead is located in a rural area of north of Peacham Corner, on the west side of Bayley-Hazen Road north of its junction with Slack Street. The farm property, originally about 100 acre, now consists of 25 acre on the west side of the road. The farmstead building cluster is located near the southern end of the property, much of which is wooded. The farmhouse, closest to the road, is a 2-1/2 story wood frame Greek Revival structure, set facing south. It is five bays wide and three deep, with windows topped by low entablature, and a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by gabled cornice. A 1-1/2 story wing extends to the west. Further from the road stand two English bank barns, joined together in an L shape.</p><br>
<p>The land for this farm was purchased by Josiah and Lydia Shedd in 1816; it is unknown if the land was cleared before their ownership. The present farmhouse was built in the late 1830s, probably as a present for their daughter Jane, who married Noah Worcester in 1841, and died the following year. The Shedds were prominent local citizens; Josiah served as the town physician for many years, and Lydia was regularly engaged in charitable and other civic activities. After their daughter&#39;s death, the Shedds rented the property to tenant farmers, and practice also engaged in by subsequent owners. It ceased to be used for any agricultural purpose in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The River Road Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge, carrying Veilleux Road across the Missisquoi River in Troy, Vermont. Built in 1910, the Town lattice truss is the only surviving covered bridge in Troy from the historic period of covered bridge construction. It also exhibits some distinctive variations in construction from more typical Town lattices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The River Road Covered Bridge is located in a rural area of central Troy, near the eastern end of Veilleux Road. It spans the Missisquoi in a roughly east-west orientation, resting on abutments of stone and concrete. It is a single-span Town lattice truss, 94 ft long and 14.5 ft wide, with a roadway width of 12 ft (one lane). It is covered by a metal roof, and its exterior is clad in vertical board siding, which extends around to the insides of the portals. The siding does not rise all the way to the roof, leaving an open strip between them. Unlike most Town lattice trusses, this one has three chords instead of four, and its joints are fastened with single pegs instead of doubled one.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1910; its builder is unknown. It is the only covered bridge in Troy. In addition to its unusual truss construction, the bridge also has an unusually broad roof, and has exterior timber buttressing not usually found on covered bridges.</p><br>
<p>Terryglass Castle, also called the Old Court, is a fortified house and a National Monument in County Tipperary, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Terryglass Castle is located in the northeast corner of Lough Derg.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An early Christian monastery was established here in the 6th century by Columba, who died around AD 552.</p><br>
<p>Terryglass Castle is listed as having contributed to taxation of the diocese in 1302-1307 and is mentioned as having a covered chancel in the Royal Visitation of 1615, although by the Civil Survey of 1654–56 only a churchyard is mentioned.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Terryglass is a four-towered keep built by the Marshall family. The castle was constructed between 1219 and 1232 by John Marshall. By 1232, John Marshall was listed as having significant debts to King Henry III, who used the castle and surrounding lands as security against the debts.</p><br>
<p>The castle was to change hands many times passing to Nicholas Dunheaued in 1275–76, Theobald le Botiller, 2nd Chief Butler of Ireland in 1289, William Marshall in 1290, Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster in 1323 and James Butler in 1589.</p><br>
<p>Lagoa de Cimidor is a small lagoon in the southeastern part of the island of Maio in Cape Verde. It is situated east of the island capital Cidade do Maio. It is also a protected area as a Natural Reserve because of its geological value. The nature reserve includes the whole basin and areas between the basin and the sea. Nearby is a thick small beach 700 meters northeast. About 1.8 km northeast is the island&#39;s easternmost point. Over 3 km SSW is the village of Ribeira Dom João.</p><br>
<p>In the middle is Ribeira da Tras (or Ribeira da Tráz), 80 meters northwest has a small tributary with Ribeira do Poço and empties into the lagoon, the tributarys elevation is about 5 meters. The first streams length is 2 km and the second is slightly longer at around 2 km, its source is about 55 meters for the first and around 60 meters for the second. Both streams flow east then north then east and southeast, the other flows only east. Ribeira de Cimidor a stream 130 meters long empties into the Atlantic. The shoreline in the area is north-to south length with 25 degrees toward the east.</p><br>
<p>200 meters northeast is a small track that does not connect the lagoon but its nearby beach with the East Maio Route.</p><br>
<p>Desert, some grasslands and barren landscape dominates the area, once dominated the whole area, recently in the 1990s, some trees began to appear within the areas of the lagoon, it added some more forested space within that area in the early and mid 2010s.</p><br>
<p>Northeast is the location being closest to the African mainland from Maio at 599 km (nearly 600 km) west of Cap-Vert in Dakar, Senegal and is not the closest to any part of Cape Verde. Also in that range further east is where current waters and winds enters from the Canary Current into the Equatorial Atlantic Current.</p><br>
<p>The Dubuque Casket Company is a historic building located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. The city was a leading national market in the production of caskets towards the end of the 19th century. This location had been the site of a casket manufacturing plant from 1877 to 1987. The Dubuque Furniture and Burial Case Company was the first firm in Dubuque and the first to locate here. The building was largely destroyed by fire in 1883 and the company was forced out of business. The Dubuque Casket Company was incorporated in 1893 and acquired this property. They started construction of the first part of this building the same year. The four-story brick Neoclassical building was one of the largest manufacturing facilities in Dubuque. The machine and equipment room was located on the first floor, they manufactured fine cloth covered caskets on the second floor, they manufactured undertaker&#39;s dry goods on the third floor, and the fourth floor was used for storage. The first addition, now known as the center section was begun in 1903, and another expansion that also unified the main facade was begun in 1911. Two other Dubuque casket manufacturers, Iowa Coffin Company and the Hawkeye Casket Company, were out of business by 1924.</p><br>
<p>Dubuque Casket Company remained in business until 1988. That year the building was sold to Boyes Auto and Truck Parts Co. They sold the building in 2005 to Community Housing Initiatives, Inc., who converted it into an apartment building. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006,</p><br>
<p>The Dubuque Freight House is a historic building located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. Built by the Chicago, Burlington and Northern Railroad  in 1901, this was the third and last freight house built by a railroad in the Ice Harbor area. The other two facilities were built by the Illinois Central Railroad  and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad . These other two railroads were older, larger, and monopolized the bridge and tunnel that crossed the Mississippi River. The CB&N was fortunate that their freight house was located along the water&#39;s edge in that the river boats could tie up next to the building and load and unload cargo, and the railroad put box cars on ferries that docked in the Ice Harbor. The Dubuque Boat and Boiler Works were headquartered on the west end of the facility for 20 years beginning in 1952. Founded in 1852 as the Iowa Iron Works, they provided engines, boilers and other equipment for river boats, and water craft for the United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is now a part of the National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium.</p><br>
<p>Mount Campion is a mountain in Alberta, Canada. It is located in Jasper National Park. The peak of Mount Campion is 2,194 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The terrain around Mount Campion is mainly hilly. The highest point in the vicinity is 2,575 metres above sea level, 3.1 km south of Mount Campion. The region around Mount Campion is almost uninhabited, with less than two inhabitants per square kilometre. There are no communities in the immediate vicinity.</p><br>
<p>In the area around Mount Campion grows in mainly pine forests. The neighborhood is included in geography. The average annual temperature in the area is-4 ° C. The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is 9 ° C, and the coldest is February, with-13 ° C.</p><br>
<p>The St. Johnsbury Federal Fish Culture Station, also known as the St. Johnsbury Federal Fish Hatchery, was a United States government-funded fish hatchery on Emerson Falls Road in St. Johnsbury, Vermont. The hatchery operated from 1895 to 1960, producing fish stock for headwater tributaries of the Connecticut River and St. Lawrence River in northern New England and New York. The surviving facilities of the hatchery, now adaptively reused for other purposes and in private ownership, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The St. Johnsbury Federal Fish Culture Station was established by an Act of Congress in 1891, to establish and propagate populations of lake trout and salmon in upland tributaries of the Connecticut and St. Lawrence Rivers in northern New England and New York. A site was selected on the west bank of the Sleepers River, a tributary of the Passumpsic River on the outskirts of St. Johnsbury, Vermont, and the facility began production in 1895. The property included water rights on the river, and a freshwater spring that over time proved inadequate to meet the facility&#39;s needs.</p><br>
<p>The facility was nearly closed due to budget cuts in 1934, but remained open due to a cooperative arrangement between federal and state governments. Issues with the high summertime water temperature of the Sleepers River (which affected production of stock requiring lower temperatures) and the inadequacy of its cold-water springs, prompted the decision to close the facility in 1959. It ceased production in 1960, and was sold into private ownership in 1961. Most of its rearing ponds have been filled in, although subsurface plumbing survives, as does its dam, about 0.5 mi upriver from the remaining buildings. Those buildings underwent restoration in 2001-02 and have been put to other uses.</p><br>
<h2>Surviving facilities</h2><br>
<p>The station facilities are located about 2.5 mi northwest of downtown St. Johnsbury, and are sandwiched between the Sleepers River and United States Route 2, just north of the latters junction with Interstate 91. They are at the southern end of Emerson Falls Road. The main hatchery building is a particularly fine example of Shingle style architecture, designed by Herbert Von Bayer, an architect working for the US Fish and Wildlife Service. It is two stories in height, and has a prominent pyramidal turret at one corner, with an arched porte-cochere adjacent. Located nearby is the former superintendents residence, built in 1898 to a design by local architect Lambert Packard. Behind the house stands a c. 1900 carriage barn. The grounds in the area also include filled or partially-filled ponds and raceways for managing waterflow through the facility, as well as subsurface plumbing.</p><br>
<p>The St. Johnsbury Historic District encompasses much of the historic civic and commercial center of St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Representing a significant expansion of the Railroad Street Historic District and the St. Johnsbury Main Street Historic District, it captures the historical tension and competition between Main Street and Railroad Street for primacy as the town&#39;s most important civic and commercial areas. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of St. Johnsbury was settled in the late 18th century, and was at first organized primarily on a high terrace above the Passumpsic River, where its Main Street is now located. This area developed as a residential and civic hub, with some commercial development, in the first half of the 19th century. The arrival of railroad lines in the 19th century prompted major development in the "lower district", now Railroad Street, as a commercial center organized around the railroads. During the second half of the 19th century this development competed with Main Street for economic primacy, and elements of a commercial corridor began to take grow on Eastern Avenue, the main through road between Main and Railroad Streets. Railroad Street benefited from the ongoing railroad activity, while Main Street benefited in no small measure from the activities of the Fairbanks family, whose Fairbanks Scale Works, located northwest of Main Street on the banks of the Sleepers River, was the town&#39;s largest employer.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is geographically roughly an H shape, reflecting its historical development. The eastern leg is Railroad Street, running north-south from Portland Street to Depot Square. This area includes the Railroad Street Historic District, centered on the junction of Railroad and Eastern, but is primarily extended to the north. The western leg is on Main Street, extending from Mt. Pleasant Street in the north to Vine Street in the south. These are joined by the main east-west through corridor, which includes Eastern Avenue between Main and Railroad, and extends west of Main on Western Avenue to Barker Street. The Railroad Street area has a fine collection of late 19th and early 20th-century commercial architecture, while the Main Street area is more diverse, with a large measure of housing and civic buildings. Fully one quarter of the buildings on Main Street were designed by a single architect, Lambert Packard, who also designed some of the buildings on Railroad Street and Eastern Avenue. The Main Street area is also home to two of St. Johnsbury&#39;s best-known institutions, the St. Johnsbury Atheneum, a National Historic Landmark, and the Fairbanks Museum and Planetarium; both of these were created through the philanthropy of the Fairbanks family.</p><br>
<p>The J.S. Sweeney Store, Barn, Livery and Hall were a trio of historically important commercial buildings on Vermont Route 105 in East Charleston, Vermont. Dating as far back as 1860, the general store, bank barn, and combination livery and community hall have been a center of community activity since their construction. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. Of the three buildings, only the store is still standing.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The J.S. Sweeney Store is located prominently in the center of the village of East Charleston, on the south side of Vermont 105 opposite the village&#39;s other principal public building, the Plymouth Congregational Church. It is a 2-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a front gable roof and clapboarded exterior. The front facade has a wider first floor than second, with a two-story recessed porch extending across its width, supported by square paneled posts with Doric capitals. The porch continues over the left-side extension of the ground floor, where it is sheltered by a shed-roof extension of the main roof. The interior is divided into a retail space on the ground floor, and residences above.</p><br>
<p>The village of East Charleston was founded on the banks of the Clyde River in 1820, and grew as a small lumber town. Most of the villages 19th-century buildings were destroyed by a fire in 1921, of which only the church and the store now survive. The present store was built about 1880, and is of a style typical for northern Vermont general stores: two stories with the proprietors residence above the shop, a two-story porch, and modest Greek Revival styling. Other buildings that survived the fire included a c. 1860 bank barn and livery stable, the latter of which had a community hall on the second level. The livery served as a major stop on a stagecoach route, and the hall is documented to have been used for community events and meetings. These buildings were located west of the store; although they survived the 1921 fire, they were demolished sometime after the property was listed on the National Register in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Doljanka is a right tributary of Neretva river in Northwest Hercegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p><br>
<p>The length of Doljanka is araund 18 km and reaches an altitude drop of about 400 m. Arises from sources scattered type under the far northeast slopes of Vran mountain on altitude of 1324 m. It runs through limestone canyon, which is high up to 1,200 m and flows through the village of Doljani.</p><br>
<p>Doljanka flows into the Neretva River between Jablanica and Mostar, at an altitude of 300 m. It is also the connection over which trouts from the Neretva river crossing in Doljanka during spawning. Confluent area of Doljanka encompasses the area between the mountains Baćine in the north and Čvrsnica in the south: it surface takes around is 69 km. It receives a small number of tributaries (Bijeli potok, Trn, Loznik, and Cvitan), so that water mainly comes from underground karst water.</p><br>
<p>The water level of the river is slightly lower compared to other Neretva tributaries, because its riverbed is rocky and sandy, which allows life brown trout and its natural food. The difference in water level in summer compared to winter is quite large.</p><br>
<p>Kiltera Ogham Stones are two ogham stones forming a National Monument located in County Waterford, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kiltera Ogham Stones is located in a field on the east bank of the Munster Blackwater, 1.8 km (1.1 mi) west of Aglish.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kiltera Ogham Stones were carved in the 6th/7th centuries AD.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The larger stone (CIIC 266) dates from c. AD 500–700 and is slate, with quartz veins and measures 132 × 51 × 13 cm. The inscription reads ᚛ᚉᚑᚂᚂᚐᚁᚑᚈ ᚋᚒᚉᚖ ᚂᚒᚌᚐ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚂᚑᚁᚐᚉᚉᚑᚅᚐ᚜ (COLLABOT MUCOI LUGA MAQI LOBACCONA), "Of Cóelub of the tribe of Lug, son of Lubchú."</p><br>
<p>The smaller stone (CIIC 267) reads ᚛ᚋᚓᚇᚒᚄᚔ ᚋᚒᚉᚖ ᚂᚒᚌᚐ᚜ (MEDUSI MUCOI LUGA), "Medusi of the tribe of Lug." It measures 130 × 41 × 25 cm.</p><br>
<p>A third stone (CIIC 268), carved c. AD 540–600, later removed to the National Museum, read ᚛ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒᚃᚔᚏ᚜ (CATTUVIR).</p><br>
<p>Jackson Park Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The city originally developed just to the south of here. The Cathedral Historic District represents the oldest residential neighborhood in Dubuque, and began to house the working-class people closer to the docks. Once the Jackson Park area opened for development the citys wealthier residents built their homes here. Architectural styles rang from the vernacular, which are found mainly along the bluff, to the high style found mainly along Main and Locust Street. Most of the houses were built from the mid to the late 19th century. The Andrew-Ryan House  was individually listed on the National Register. Most of the institutional architecture are churches, which include St. Johns Episcopal Church  and St. Patrick&#39;s Catholic Church . Central High School, no longer extant, was located across from Jackson Park, and it was also individually listed on the National Register before its demise. The Carnegie-Stout Public Library  is located on the south side of the district.</p><br>
<p>The Elk Rapids First Methodist Episcopal Church is a former church located at 301 Traverse Street in Elk Rapids, Michigan. The building now houses Elk Rapids Area Historical Museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The newly minted Methodist minister Reverend David R. Latham first visited Elk Rapids on June 21, 1857. He had intended to travel to Kansas, but was convinced to stay in the area. He soon was appointed to a preaching circuit that included Elk Rapids and other nearby towns. There were soon enough Methodists in Elk Rapids to establish a congregation, and the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Elk Rapids was formed in the early 1870s. In 1876, the congregation purchased a former schoolhouse for use as a church. In 1882, they moed to the former courthouse.</p><br>
<p>However, the church soon outgrew their quarters, and in 1901 they purchased the site for this building and began construction. The church was completes in 1902 at a cost of about $8500. The congregations continued to use the building until 2011, when the church organization was discontinued. The building was donated to the Elk Rapids Area Historical Society, who renovated the structure. It now serves as that group&#39;s headquarters and historical museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Elk Rapids First Methodist Episcopal Church is a brick and wood cross-gable-roof building faced in locally produced pale yellow brick, and standing on a foundation of rock-faced fieldstone. The gabled areas are faced with wood shingles.It has a single main story above a half-buried basement. The church is basically square in plan, with two short projecting wings. A square-plan tower containing the main entrance is located in the northeast corner between the wings, and projects nearly full depth from the front walls. The tower is topped with an open gabled belfry and a tall spire. The main entry has a large wood double door, reached by a flight of stairs. Three more entrances are paced around the building.</p><br>
<p>An important characteristic of the building is the distinctive Gothic-arch windows, placed in a variety of shapes and</p><br>
<p>sizes. The main facades each have a broad three-part central Gothic window, with a single narrow Gothic window to each side. A third elevation has another three-part Gothic window with two single, separate, narrow Gothic windows to one side, and the remaining facade has three single narrow Gothic windows. The tower also has one window. Thirteen of the windows contain stained glass, eight of which are original to the initial construction of the building. The stained glass windows have pointed arch tops with wood molding. The eight</p><br>
<p>windows depict dove, fleur-de-lis, water lily and other flower designs, crowns, crosses, bibles, oil lamps and other Christian symbols. The five windows installed at later dates (1948, 1949, 1952, 1977, and 1980) contain more depictions of religious scenes, including two modeled after paintings by German artist Johann Heinrich Hoffmann.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance leads to an entry vestibule and on into the main auditorium. The auditorium has an inclined floor leading toward the stage that once contained the pulpit and altar. Pews once ringed the auditorium, set in a semi-circle, but only one section of pews</p><br>
<p>has been retained. The interior walls are of painted plaster over the exterior masonry. The ceiling above is covered with decorative pressed metal paneling. An opening off the auditorium leads to a front room, now used as a welcoming/meeting area. A stairway from the main level leads downward, where there is a large meeting space, and a smaller room housing mechanicals.</p><br>
<p>Fueguino is a volcanic field in Chile. The southernmost volcano in the Andes, it lies on Tierra del Fuego&#39;s Cook Island and also extends over nearby Londonderry Island. The field is formed by lava domes, pyroclastic cones, and a crater lake.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity at Fueguino is part of the Austral Volcanic Zone, which is formed by the subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath the South America Plate. The subducting plate has not reached a depth sufficient for proper volcanic arc volcanism, however.</p><br>
<p>The field bears no trace of glacial erosion on its volcanoes, and reports exist of volcanic activity in 1712, 1820 and 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Cities in the region are Rio Gallegos, Puerto Natales, Punta Arenas, Rio Grande and Ushuaia.</p><br>
<h3>Regional</h3><br>
<p>Fueguino is the southernmost volcano in the Andes. The volcano to the north is Monte Burney, which lies 400 km northwest of Fueguino. Both volcanoes belong to the Austral Volcanic Zone. Since the Paleocene, a transform fault, which bisects the island, has been moving the southern part of Tierra del Fuego eastward along the South America Plate, accompanied by tectonic uplift that persisted into the Holocene except when it was offset by glacial loading effects.</p><br>
<p>The subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate beneath the South America Plate is responsible for the formation of the Andean Volcanic Belt. This volcanic belt is subdivided into the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone. The Austral Volcanic Zone features six Quaternary volcanoes and is 800 km long. It is separated from the Southern Volcanic Zone by the Patagonian volcanic gap, where arc volcanism ceased 12 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>South of where the Chile Rise intersects the Peru-Chile Trench, the trench disappears as it is increasingly buried by sediments. However, subduction is still active as evidenced by the converging motion of the Antarctic Plate and the South America Plate and the volcanic activity. Only around 52° does the convergence change into strike-slip faulting at the Shackleton Fracture Zone. Subduction in that area commenced 17 million years ago, and the Antarctic slab has not sunk deep into the mantle. At shallow depth, magma generation is dominated by anatexis of the slab. The mantle ahead of the edge of the subducting slab may be dominated by a large slab window.</p><br>
<p>Other volcanic activity occurred in the region farther east, on Hardy Peninsula and some surrounding capes and islands during the Miocene; potassium-argon dating has yielded ages of 18 and 21 million years ago. These volcanic systems may indicate that the Antarctic Plate is subducting beneath the Scotia Plate.</p><br>
<p>Three stages of tectonic activity have been noted; Late Cretaceous, Paleocene-Early Eocene and Middle Eocene to Oligocene.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Fueguino lies on a peninsula on the southeastern side of Cook Island, Tierra del Fuego, but it also extends to Londonderry Island. The main Tierra del Fuego island lies northeast of Fueguino. This area of southern Tierra del Fuego is part of the Fuegian Andes, which are formed by various intrusive, effusive and metamorphic forms on the Scotia Plate.</p><br>
<p>The field contains lava domes and pyroclastic cones, reaching heights of 150 m. One of these cones has a crater lake within a 150 m wide crater. Volcanic activity may be influenced by north-south trending faults.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>The field has erupted andesite. Such a limited range of composition is typical for Austral Volcanic Zone volcanoes, which only feature andesite and dacite. Lava domes feature columnar joints. The surface texture of the rocks is trachytic to porphyritic.</p><br>
<p>The rocks contain phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, hornblende and plagioclase. In terms of composition, the Fueguino rocks belong to the calc-alkaline series and resemble tholeiites and andesites from primitive volcanic arcs. Xenoliths from the Patagonian batholith are also found.</p><br>
<h3>Basement</h3><br>
<p>The field is formed on top of plutonic rocks, which were scoured by glaciation.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation of the area belongs to the Magellanic Province, formed by deciduous trees at low altitudes. Peatlands and bogs are widespread. The climate is temperate and cold, with temperatures of about 5 &deg;C and precipitation decreasing northeastward. Sea surface temperatures in the Beagle Channel range 3 -. The Fuegian Andes are covered by an ice sheet with outlet glaciers, although only on the Chilean side.</p><br>
<p>During the ice ages, a substantial ice cap covered the Patagonian and Fuegian Andes. Two stages of glaciation have been identified in southern Tierra del Fuego; four more have been found north of the Magellan Strait. After about 10,000 years ago, Nothofagus woods developed in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>The volcanoes were unaffected by glacial activity, and potassium-argon dating has indicated a near absence of radiogenic argon. Myths of the Yaghan people of a "world fire" may be a reference to volcanism at Fueguino, but they could also refer to an impact event.</p><br>
<p>Ships passing in the area reported volcanic activity in 1712 and 1820. The former eruption, dated around 26 November is uncertain. It was reported by French captain Josselin Guardin; the volcano was marked on maps as Volcan San Clemente, after Gardin&#39;s ship.</p><br>
<p>The latter eruption was observed on the 25-26 November by the HMS Conway captained by Basil Hall, and involved the eruption of incandescent material. According to reports it lasted intermittently for the whole morning that day. A volcanic explosivity index of 2 has been estimated. These volcanic activities were at first assumed to have occurred in the local Andes mountains, but a geological expedition by Giacomo Bove in 1882 found no evidence of a volcano there; the field itself was accidentally discovered by geologists of SERNAGEOMIN in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Further activity may have occurred on 3 February 1926, when a ship travelling through the northeastern arm of the Beagle Channel encountered a cloud of ash. Such a cloud may have been transported to the ship&#39;s location by southwesterly winds from Fueguino.</p><br>
<p>Hepburn Lagoon is a large artificial lake located between Kingston and Blampied, in Victoria, Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Lagoon is in a basalt plain and originally was a swamp in a natural depression formed volcanic activity. Also known as Andersons Lagoon, the lake is fed by Langdons Creek, and its water supplies Birch Creek and the water race for Anderson&#39;s Mill, Smeaton. It is a popular fishing location. This lagoon contains trout, redfin and tench.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first dam was built sometime before 1864 when a new dam was constructed to supply water to the nearby flour mill. This was breached in the superfloods of 1870, causing considerable damage and instigating a law suit by affected landowners. A new dam was constructed in 1871-2 to improve the Clunes water supply. This was further enlarged in 1960 to its current capacity of 3,000 ML. It is used for irrigation and domestic and stock supplies through regulation of Langdon&#39;s Creek.</p><br>
<p>The St. Johnsbury Main Street Historic District encompasses the historic civic and cultural center of the town of St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Organized along the towns Main Street, it includes high-quality architecture spanning the 19th and early 20th centuries, and includes the National Historic Landmark St. Johnsbury Atheneum. Many of the districts buildings were designed by Lambert Packard, a prominent local architect. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and was enlarged slightly in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of St. Johnsbury was settled in the late 18th century, and was at first organized primarily on a high terrace above the Passumpsic River, where its Main Street is now located. This area developed as a residential and civic hub, with some commercial development, in the first half of the 19th century. The arrival of railroad lines in the 19th century prompted major development in the "lower district", now Railroad Street, as a commercial center organized around the railroads. The Main Street area retained its civic importance, and is where the town hall and the county facilities of Caledonia County are located.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Main Street, from Mt. Pleasant Street in the north to Vine Street in the south. It includes a small residential area bounded by Vine, Main, and Barker Streets and Western Avenue, and also on Prospect Street. The northern end of the district is anchored by a small triangular park, and is predominantly residential. South of Winter Street there are a cluster mainly religious buildings, including the Fairbanks Museum and Observatory. At the junctions with Western and Eastern Avenues (signed United States Route 2) there are a few commercial buildings, the town hall and county courthouse, and the St. Johnsbury Atheneum, built in 1875 and one of the nations oldest unaltered museums. South of the Western Avenue junction, where there is also a small triangular park with a Victorian fountain, is a small residential area characterized by high-quality large-scale homes, including some built by members of the locally prominent Fairbanks family, owners of the Fairbanks Scale Works, the towns largest employer in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Stannard Town Hall is the center of municipal government of the small rural community of Stannard, Vermont. It is on Stannard Mountain Road, in what was formerly the Stannard Schoolhouse, one of the only municipal buildings in the town. Of uncertain  construction, it served as a school until 1964. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town center of Stannard, a small rural community of northern Vermont, is little more than a crossroads at Stannard Mountain Road and Lazy Mill Road, with dispersed residences. The town hall, one of two public buildings in the town center (along with the Methodist Episcopal Church), is located east of the junction, on the north side of Stannard Mountain Road. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboarded exterior, and granite foundation. The main facade is three bays wide, with sash windows flanking a center entrance, and two symmetrically placed sash windows on the second level. The windows are topped by projecting lintels. The east facade has a bank of sash windows in its rear half, an early 20th century alteration to meet state school standards.</p><br>
<p>The first school was organized in Stannard in 1812, but met in private residences or barns with only small numbers of students. Its first school building was constructed in 1823. The present building is not documented until it appears on an 1875 map; its styling is vernacular Greek Revival, which is typical of mid-19th century school buildings in rural Vermont. It also exhibits features consistent with construction after state standards for schools were first introduced in 1846. The building served as a school until 1964, and has housed the town offices since.</p><br>
<p>Upper San Leandro Reservoir is an artificial lake in Alameda County and Contra Costa County, California which provides water for the East Bay Municipal Utility District . It is impounded by the earth-filled San Leandro Dam on San Leandro Creek, located at the southeast end of the lake. Although it receives some runoff from its local watershed, most of the water is imported via the Mokelumne Aqueduct. The reservoir has a capacity of about 42,000 acrefeet, though its normal volume is about 30,250 acrefeet. The reservoir name includes "Upper" to distinguish it from Lake Chabot, several miles downstream, which was originally known as "Lower San Leandro Reservoir".</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was originally formed in 1926 when the first San Leandro Dam was completed, and it was first filled by the Mokelumne Aqueduct in 1929. It inundated a long section of the San Leandro Creek valley, including the towns of Valle Vista and Redwood. The original dam was constructed between 1924 and 1926 using the hydraulic fill method and was considered seismically inadequate. A new earth-filled dam was constructed in 1977, directly downstream of the old one, to provide protection against earthquakes. The new dam is 182 ft high and 1,300 ft long, containing 88,890 yd3 of material.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries that flow into the lake include San Leandro, Moraga, King Canyon, Kaiser, and Redwood Creeks. The reservoir and its feeder streams have a population of landlocked rainbow trout whose migration to San Francisco Bay was blocked by the dam.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is closed to boating and fishing, in order to protect water quality. However, there is a public trail system surrounding the lake.</p><br>
<p>Matthewstown Passage Tomb is a passage tomb situated in County Waterford, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The tomb is located 1.6 km (1 mile) north of Fenor. Most of the surrounding countryside is visible, to the Comeragh Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Matthewstown Passage Tomb dates to 2500–2000 BC. It is locally known as Thomas McCabes Bed; this may have been the name of a local outlaw who supposedly spent a night here: cf. the many "Diarmuid and Gráinnes Beds"</p><br>
<p>This is one of a group of small passage tombs in Co. Waterford with affinities to the tombs in Cornwall and the Scilly Isles, hence the name "Scilly-Tramore group," suggesting that the builders were seafarers from Cornwall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Matthewstown Passage Tomb is 4.5 m (fifteen feet) long and about 1.8 m (six feet) wide. There are two rows of five orthostats protruding above the ground to about 1 metre (three-and-a-half feet). This grave was covered by four large stone slabs.</p><br>
<p>Old Main Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. This is primarily a commercial area located immediately south of the central business district. Originally, this is where the city&#39;s commercial district was located because of its proximity to the ferry and riverboat landings. After 1860 most of the larger retail businesses, banks and professional offices moved further north on Main Street, and new wholesale businesses moved here and built new structures. The buildings are all constructed in brick and are between three to four stories tall. It is considered to be the "largest concentration of significant nineteenth century commercial architecture" in Dubuque. German Bank  was individually listed on the National Register, and the Hotel Julien Dubuque  is also a contributing building.</p><br>
<p>The Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument is a United States National Monument in Birmingham, Alabama established in 2017 to preserve and commemorate the work of the Civil Rights Movement. The monument will be administered by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Birmingham was the site of the Birmingham campaign, Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail, the Childrens Crusade with its images of students being attacked by water hoses and dogs, the bombing of the Gaston Motel – the movement&#39;s headquarters motel now designated as a National Monument – and the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.</p><br>
<p>The site also resides within the larger 36-acre Birmingham Civil Rights District, which was designated in 1992 by the City of Birmingham.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Hills  are a chain of hills forming the eastern natural boundary of the Colombian capital Bogotá. They are part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, the high plateau of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The Eastern Hills are bordered by the Chingaza National Natural Park to the east, the Bogotá savanna to the west and north, and the Sumapaz Páramo to the south. The north-northeast to south-southwest trending mountain chain is 52 km long and its width varies from 0.4 to 8 km. The highest hilltops rise to 3,550 m over the western flatlands at 2,600 m. The Torca River at the border with Chía in the north, the boquerón  Chipaque to the south and the valley of the Teusacá River to the east are the hydrographic limits of the Eastern Hills.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the Eastern Hills are the result of the westward compression along the Bogotá Fault, that thrusted the lower Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Chipaque Formation and Guadalupe Group onto the latest Cretaceous to Eocene sequence of the Guaduas, Bogotá, Cacho and Regadera Formations. The fold and thrust belt of the Eastern Hills was produced by the Andean orogeny with the main phase of tectonic compression and uplift taking place in the Pliocene. During the Pleistocene, the Eastern Hills were covered by glaciers feeding a large paleolake (Lake Humboldt) that existed on the Bogotá savanna and is represented today by the many wetlands of Bogotá.</p><br>
<p>The main tourist attractions of the Eastern Hills of Bogotá are the Monserrate and Guadalupe Hills, the former a pilgrimage site for centuries. Other trails in the Eastern Hills follow the creeks of La Vieja, Las Delicias and others. The busy road Bogotá – La Calera crosses the Eastern Hills in the central-northern part and the highway between Bogotá and Villavicencio traverses the southernmost area of the hills. The eastern side of the Eastern Hills is part of the municipalities La Calera, Choachí, Ubaque and Chipaque. The Eastern Hills were sparsely populated in pre-Columbian times, considered sacred by the indigenous Muisca. The native people constructed temples and shrines in the Eastern Hills and buried their dead there. The Guadalupe and Monserrate Hills, important in Muisca religion and archaeoastronomy, are the hilltops from where Sué, the Sun, rises on the December and June solstices respectively, when viewed from the present-day Bolívar Square. The construction and expansion of the Colombian capital in Spanish colonial times caused excessive deforestation of the Eastern Hills. Reforestations were executed in the 1930s and 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Large parts of the Eastern Hills are designated as a natural reserve with a variety of flora and fauna, endemic to the hills. Despite its status as a protected area, the Eastern Hills lie in an urban setting with more than ten million inhabitants and are affected by mining activities, illicit construction, stream contamination, and frequent forest fires. Several proposals to fight the environmental problems have been written in the past decades.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Eastern Hills cover an area of approximately 13,630 hectare, are oriented north-northeast to south-southwest along a length of 52 km, have a width between 0.4 km and 8 km and range in elevation from 2600 to 3550 m. Other hills are Aguanoso, Pico del Águila, El Cable, El Chicó, El Chiscal, La Laguna, Pan de Azúcar and La Teta. From north to south, the rural areas of the localities of Usaquén, Chapinero, Santa Fe, San Cristóbal and Usme are part of the Eastern Hills. Of the area of Santa Fe, 84.5% is rural area, located in the Eastern Hills. The municipalities Chía, La Calera, Choachí, Ubaque and Chipaque are partly in the Eastern Hills. The Cerros Orientales are an important water source for the Colombian capital. The San Rafael Reservoir, administered by the municipality La Calera, is east of the Eastern Hills.</p><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>Bogotá, and as a result the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, are named after the original main settlement of the Muisca; Bacatá. Bacatá in Muysccubun means "(enclosure) outside of the farmfields" or "limit of the farmfields", referring to the seat of the zipa in present-day Funza on the right bank of the Bogotá River. Bacatá is a combination of bac or uac, ca, and tá, meaning "outside", "enclosure" and "farmfield(s)" respectively.</p><br>
<p>Alternative spellings are Muequetá, or Muyquytá, and the word is transliterated in Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada as Bogothá.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Geographically, the Eastern Hills form part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, the high plateau in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The natural boundaries of the Eastern Hills are the Bogotá savanna in the north and west, the hills of Chingaza National Natural Park in the east and the mountains of Sumapaz Páramo in the south. The northern hydrographic limit is the Torca River at the border with Chía, the southern limit the boquerón Chipaque and the eastern hydrographic boundary is formed by the Teusacá River.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rocks forming the Eastern Hills range in age from Late Cretaceous to Paleogene and are covered by sub-recent sediments of the Pleistocene and Holocene. The contact between the Maastrichtian to Lower Paleocene Guaduas and Late Paleocene Cacho Formations is discordant, indicating the first uplift of the Andes. Between the Eocene and Pleistocene a hiatus is present, where the Pleistocene formations are followed by Holocene unconsolidated sediments.</p><br>
<p>The Cenomanian–Turonian Chipaque Formation got its name from the village Chipaque and is the oldest stratigraphical unit outcropping in the eastern flank of the Eastern Hills. It comprises laminated organic to highly organic shales and mudstones with intercalated sandstone beds. The overlying Guadalupe Group, of Campanian to Maastrichtian age, consists of four formations, from base to top: Arenisca Dura, Plaeners, Arenisca de Labor, and Arenisca Tierna. Some authors define the Guadalupe Group as a formation and call the individual formations, members. The thickness of the Guadalupe Group in its type localities Guadalupe and El Cable Hills is 750 m. The competent hilltops of the Eastern Hills are represented by the resistant members of the Guadalupe Group; in the northern parts of the Cerros Orientales they comprise the Labor and Tierna members and are in the southern area represented by the Arenisca Dura.</p><br>
<p>Concordantly overlying the Guadalupe Group is the Maastrichtian to Early Paleocene Guaduas Formation, composed of well-laminated compacted grey shales and calcitic claystones with sandstone banks and in the lower parts of the stratigraphical sequence numerous coal beds. In the synclinal of the Bogotá savanna, the thickness of Guaduas varies between 250 m and 1,200 m. The Late Paleocene Cacho Formation, a relatively thin 50 to 400 m stratigraphical unit following the Guaduas Formation, white, yellow and reddish in colour, is represented by thick sandstone banks with intercalations of thin shale beds.</p><br>
<p>The Bogotá Formation, named after the capital, is a Paleocene to Lower Eocene argillaceous unit, concordantly overlying the lower Paleogene sequence. The formation is composed of grey, purple and red shales with micaceous sandstone beds towards the top of the stratigraphical unit. The thickness in the subsurface of the Bogotá savanna ranges from 800 to 2000 m and outcrops at the edges of the flatlands. The estimated size of the South American hoofed mammal was that of a dog. Other fossilised fragments found in the Bogotá Formation are molds of Stephania palaeosudamericana and Menispina evidens.</p><br>
<p>Discordantly overlying the Lower Eocene is the Middle Eocene Regadera Formation, consisting of quartzitic and feldspar-rich thick medium- to coarse-grained to conglomeratic sandstone beds intercalated with thin pink claystones. The total thickness of the Regadera unit is very variable throughout the area.</p><br>
<p>While the Bogotá savanna contains two other formations; the Pliocene Tilatá and Plio-Pleistocene Sabana formations, the Eastern Hills lack these late Neogene stratigraphical units. This Pleistocene sequence is followed by poorly consolidated to unconsolidated sediments of lacustrine origin, Pleistocene–Holocene in age, mixed with the erosional products of the Eastern and Suba Hills and Sumapaz mountains that form the alluvium.</p><br>
<h3>Soils</h3><br>
<p>The characterisation of soils is mainly related to the inclination of the terrain. The Asociación Monserrate type soil occurs in areas with inclinations between 30 and 75%. The dark well-draining soils originate from the Plaeners Formation of the Guadalupe Group with influence of volcanic ashes, are thinner than 50 cm and very acidic with a pH of 4.4. The Asociación Cabrera-Cruz Verde type soils exist at moderate inclinations between 12 and 50%, are derived from argillaceous rocks with volcanic ash influence, have a fast drainage and a pH between 4.5 and 5.0. The Complejos Coluviales are present in the undulated areas with inclinations below 12%, susceptible to erosion, and are apt for intensive agriculture.</p><br>
<h3>Faults</h3><br>
<p>The main fault in the Eastern Hills is the longitudinal eastward dipping thrust fault called the Bogotá Fault, striking north-northwest to south-southeast, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the Eastern Hills. It forms the tectonic limit with the Bogotá savanna and acts as a barrier for aquifers. The compressional tectonics thrusted the Cretaceous units of Guadalupe and Chipaque on top of the younger Guaduas, Cacho and Bogotá Formations. The compressional La Cajita Fault is parallel to the main strike of the Bogotá Fault and the Eastern Hills and outcrops in the Sumapaz Mountains to the south.</p><br>
<h3>Tectonic evolution</h3><br>
<p>The tectonic evolution of the area of the present-day Eastern Hills started with a marine back-arc basin in the Late Jurassic. The Early Cretaceous stages Berriasian and Valanginian were dominated by the presence of a marine incursion from the proto-Caribbean into the continent of South America, in those times still attached to Africa and Antarctica. The central region of current Colombia, the later Eastern Cordillera, was characterised by the deposition of calcareous shales with turbidite deposits from the Cáqueza area. During the Late Aptian to Early Albian, a marine shale-dominated sedimentation existed with more carbonate-rich deposits to the north, represented by the mosasaur fossil-bearing Paja Formation in Boyacá. The Turonian stage of the Cretaceous era experienced a worldwide anoxic event that produced highly organic shales in the area, today represented by the Chipaque Formation. The Upper Cretaceous sequence, illustrated in the stratigraphy by the Guadalupe Group, was deposited in a marine environment with alternating sandstones and shales.</p><br>
<p>The Late Cretaceous to Paleocene was characterised by a foreland basin setting; the Western and Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes already started forming, while the eastern Andes were still in a phase of marine to littoral sedimentation. During the Early Paleocene, the Peñon-Cobardes and Arcabuco anticlines started to rise, when the southern parts of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense were still submerged and characterised by a fluvio-deltaic depositional environment.</p><br>
<p>The Late Paleocene marked a time where continued uplift of the two westernmost ranges were exhumed and provided sediments for the narrow basin in the area of the Eastern Hills. The Bogotá Formation reflects a shallow marine environment with occasional turbiditic flows. The Early Eocene is characterised by ongoing uplift to the west of the Bogotá area and emergence of the Upper Magdalena Valley. During the Late Eocene, the Eastern Hills were exhumed for the first time, providing minor sediment sources for the Bogotá savanna.</p><br>
<p>During the Early Oligocene, the region of the Eastern Hills and the Bogotá savanna was exhumed, while sedimentation in the Llanos Orientales continued, depositing the Carbonera Formation in a lacustrine-marine setting. By the Late Oligocene, the Eastern Ranges were in a continental environment and deposition shifted towards the Llanos. The northern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense experienced exhumation around 26 Ma, while the southern part was exhumed approximately 21 million years ago. In Early to Middle Miocene times, the Eastern and Western Cordilleras enclosed a fluvial depositional environment in the Magdalena Basin. During this epoch in the tectonic history, maximum foreland sedimentation to the east (Medina area) was reached, and a rich fossil fauna was present to the southeast of the Eastern Hills area, in the present-day Tatacoa Desert of Huila. The Konservat-Lagerstätte of the Honda Group at La Venta is one of the most important Neogene paleontological sites of South America, especially in the diversity of mammals found. The fossil community from La Venta, Colombia, demonstrates a degree of phylogenetic richness (i.e., number of taxa) comparable with modern communities. The Late Miocene marked the formation of the continuous chain of the Eastern Andes, leading to erosion of earlier deposited sediments. Based on zircon and apatite fission track data, the uplift between the Early Miocene to Pliocene was slow, subsequently followed by a period of increased tectonic uplift in the last phases of the Andean orogeny.</p><br>
<p>The Neogene experienced periods of volcanic activity. While the northern areas of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense were affected by the near-surface volcanism of Paipa and Iza, both in Boyacá, the volcanic area closer to the Eastern Hills was located around present-day Guatavita. The volcanism here has been analysed to have been post-Andean uplift. The Plio–Pleistocene period was marked by the presence of a fluvio-lacustrine depositional environment (Lake Humboldt) on the Bogotá savanna, sourced by rivers running off the Eastern Hills. The sedimentological record revealed various stages of infill, where the smaller-scale setting was determined by the paleo-water level and climate conditions. During the coldest periods, Lake Humboldt was surrounded by páramo ecosystems, with plant growth around the lake reducing lake shore erosion. The Latest Pleistocene was characterised by a period of cooling with a minor glacier present in the highest part of the central Eastern Hills.Moraines in this area have been dated to 18,000 until 15,500 years BP, in the late Last Glacial Maximum.</p><br>
<h3>Seismic activity</h3><br>
<p>In the Eastern Hills, a number of historical earthquakes in the seismically active country of Colombia have caused damage. Movement along the Servitá Fault in the eastern flank of the Eastern Ranges, has had the most effect on the surface stability of Bogotá and its hills. The Bogotá Fault has not shown activity and is listed as uncertain. The 1967 Neiva earthquake that occurred on February 9 damaged historical buildings in the foothills of the Eastern Hills. This had happened before with the 1785 Viceroyalty of New Granada earthquake (MS 6.5–7.0; destroying various buildings in Bogotá, as well as the Hermitage on Guadalupe Hill), the 1827 Bogotá earthquake (MS 7.7) and the 1917 Sumapaz earthquake (MS 7.3). The 1966 El Calvario earthquake caused damage in Usme. An earthquake with the epicentre also in El Calvario, Meta, in 2008 caused minor damage in the historic centre of Bogotá.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate (Köppen: Cfb) of the Eastern Hills is controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone with winds prevailng from the Amazon Region in the east. The climate varies slightly from north to south. The northern parts are characterised by a bimodal precipitation pattern; higher rainfall occurs in the months April–May and November–December, and the northern part of the Eastern Hills is the zone with relatively the most stable temperatures.</p><br>
<p>The region of the Páramo del Verjón in the eastern part has temperatures between 6 and and an annual precipitation of 1100 to 1500 mm. The relative humidity is with 78% almost constant across the year, although July is the most humid month with 87%, and January and February register a value of 73%. The total evaporation per year in the upper course of the Teusacá River is 870 mm, while the peaks at 3,100 m have an annual evaporation of 755 mm.</p><br>
<p>Prevalent wind direction is from the southeast, with strongest winds registered in July at 2.0 m/s and the lowest values noted in November at 1.5 m/s. The hours of sunshine vary from 85.9 hours in April to 130.2 hours in December.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The hydrology of the Eastern Hills is part of the Bogotá River Basin. The main river to the east of the Eastern Hills is the Teusacá River.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Eastern Hills contain several biomes that differ mainly by elevation. The highest elevated areas are characterised by a páramo ecosystem; from north to south Páramo El Verjón (Parque Ecológico Matarredonda), Páramo de Cruz Verde and Páramo de Chipaque. Parque Entrenubes ("Park between the clouds") is just east of the Eastern Hills and is the northernmost part of the Sumapaz Páramo.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>A study of the vegetation cover has revealed the presence of 29 types of vegetation covering 63% of the total area. The remaining 37% is used by urban settlement, agricultural lands and quarries. In the Eastern Hills a total of 443 species of flora have been identified. Of the vascular plants, 156 species in 111 genera and 64 families have been noted.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Before the human settlement of the Bogotá savanna, many species of fauna populated the forested remains of the flat lands bordering the Eastern Hills. In the Eastern Hills two species of butterflies have been identified, the Julia butterfly and the common green-eyed white.</p><br>
<h4>Birds</h4><br>
<p>Colombia has the most recorded bird species (1912 as of 2014) in the world. The country accounts for approximately 20% of all the world&#39;s discovered species and 60% of those registered in South America. The biodiversity of bird species in the Eastern Hills is higher than in the parks of urban Bogotá and the dense forests and larger space between the urban zones offer superb habitat for 30 families, 92 genera and 119 species. The observation stations were between 2,674 m and 3,065 m in elevation.</p><br>
<h4>Mammals</h4><br>
<p>Mammals of 14 families, 17 genera and 18 species have been identified in the Eastern Hills. In March 2017, a spectacled bear, approximately 11 years old, was killed by unknown people near Chingaza National Park, just east of the Eastern Hills.</p><br>
<h4>Reptiles and amphibians</h4><br>
<p>Reptiles of four families, five genera and five species have been identified in the Eastern Hills. Of these species, only the lizards Anadia bogotensis and Proctoporus striatus have been found on the Guadalupe Hill. The striped lightbulb lizard is also present on the terrain of the Universidad de los Andes. Amphibians of four families, six genera and nine species have been identified in the Eastern Hills.</p><br>
<h4>Fish</h4><br>
<p>Three species of fish have been identified in the waters of the Eastern Hills.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The human history of the Eastern Hills goes back to the latest Pleistocene, when the first humans settled in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. During the first millennia of the Holocene, the inhabitants of the area survived as hunter-gatherers living in caves and rock shelters. Food was gathered from the surrounding areas, including the Eastern Hills. A sedentary lifestyle was getting more common in this archaic stage and agriculture on the fertile lands of the Bogotá savanna took off around 5000 years BP. Ceramics was introduced to the people of the area around the same time, in their mythology knowledge spread by Bochica.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense have revealed the oldest dated solar site of the Americas, called by the Spanish El Infiernito (The Little Hell), but known as the Muisca solar observatory of the Leyva Valley. The location in a valley between the surrounding mountains evidenced a concept of archaeoastronomical knowledge of the people of the region; at the summer solstice of June 21 seen from the Muisca solar observatory, the Sun rises exactly from Lake Iguaque, where in the religion of the pre-Hispanic inhabitants the mother and Earth goddess Bachué was born.</p><br>
<p>A similar site in the Muisca astronomy is Bolívar Square, in the heart of the Colombian capital. At this site, the Spanish conquistadors built the precursor church to the Catedral Basílica Metropolitana de la Inmaculada Concepción. This cathedral was constructed by the early Colombian government in the early 19th century. From the northeastern end of the square, at the winter solstice of December, the Sun rises exactly above Guadalupe Hill (Muysccubun: quijicha guexica; "grandfathers foot") of the Eastern Hills, while at the summer solstice of June Sué appears from Monserrate (Muysccubun: quijicha caca; "grandmothers foot"). At the equinoxes of September and March, the Sun rises exactly in the valley between the two summits.</p><br>
<p>Evidence for use of the Eastern Hills by the Muisca has been found during the 20th and 21st centuries. While the Muisca inhabited mostly the valleys and plains, most notably the Bogotá savanna, they constructed temples and other sacred buildings in the surrounding hills. The present-day municipalities Choachí, Ubaque and Chipaque at the eastern slopes of the Eastern Hills were inhabited by the Muisca. In Choachí, during the first half of the twentieth century an artefact was found, called the Choachí Stone, which is interpreted as a possible relict of the complex lunisolar Muisca calendar, although other interpretations suggest it was a mold for the elaboration of tunjos.</p><br>
<p>The first Europeans who saw and visited the Eastern Hills were the troops led by conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who entered the Bogotá savanna in March 1537 during what for the Spanish proved to be the deadliest of their conquests of advanced pre-Columbian civilisations. More than 80 percent of his soldiers did not survive the journey from Santa Marta at the Caribbean coast. At the foot of the Eastern Hills, in the present-day La Candelaria, he founded the city of Bogotá on August 6, 1538. Seven months later, Jiménez de Quesada left for Spain with conquistadors Nikolaus Federmann and Sebastián de Belalcázar who had reached the new capital of the New Kingdom of Granada in early 1539. Federmann had crossed the Eastern Ranges from the Llanos Orientales to enter the Bogotá savanna across the Sumapaz Páramo, to the southwest of the Eastern Hills.</p><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>The prehistorical period was characterised by the existence of a large Pleistocene glacial lake on the Bogotá savanna; Lake Humboldt, also called Lake Bogotá. This lake with an approximate surface area of 4,000 km&sup2; covered the flatlands of the savanna to the northwest of the Eastern Hills. Surrounding the lake, Pleistocene megafauna as Cuvieronius (Tibitó and Mosquera), Haplomastodon, Equus amerhippus, Glyptodonts and giant sloths, foraged. The lake contained an island, represented today by the Suba Hills, an elongated elevated area parallel to the Eastern Hills. Glaciers in the cold Late Pleistocene, known as the Last Glacial Maximum, existed until around 10,000 years BP in the southwestern parts, close to the Sumapaz Páramo.</p><br>
<p>During this last cold phase of the Pleistocene, the Bogotá savanna became populated by the first humans, as evidenced by findings in El Abra (12,500 BP), Tibitó (11,740 BP) and Tequendama (11,000 BP). These hunter-gatherers lived in rock shelters, collected food, and hunted animals mainly comprising white-tailed deer, little red brocket and guinea pigs. White-tailed deer was the largest species—males: 50 kg, females: 30 kg—hunted by the people, not only for the meat, but also to use the skins and bones. The hunter-gatherers of these early lithic Abriense and Tequendamiense cultures used edge-trimmed flakes to process the skins and meat.</p><br>
<h3>Preceramic</h3><br>
<p>During the first millennia of the Holocene, the inhabitants of the Andean plateaus and valleys gradually moved away from the rock shelters, settling in the open area. They constructed primitive living spaces of bones and skins, placed in a circle. Evidence for these rudimentary houses has been found at sites such as Aguazuque (Soacha) and Checua (Nemocón), respectively in the southern and northern part of the Bogotá savanna. Some rock shelters continued to be inhabited; at Tequendama and Nemocón archaeological investigations have uncovered the continued presence of humans during the preceramic stage.</p><br>
<h3>Herrera Period</h3><br>
<p>The name Herrera Period has been given to the stage following the preceramic, when agriculture became widespread and the use of ceramic common. Certain centres for the elaboration of pottery were present on the Altiplano; Zipaquirá, Mosquera, Ráquira and, possibly, productions by individual families and settlements. Various regional classifications, up to starting at 1500 BCE, for the Herrera Period exist across the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, with a commonly accepted definition lasting from 800 BCE to 800 AD.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence dated to the Herrera Period of sites surrounding the Eastern Hills has been found in Sopó, Chía, and Usme.</p><br>
<h3>Muisca Confederation</h3><br>
<p>The name Muisca Confederation has been given to the various small settlements, loosely organised in cacicazgos on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and surrounding valleys, such as the Tenza Valley. The character of this "confederation" was different from the Inca and Aztec Empires as a central authority was not present. The caciques were religious leaders who guarded the valleys of the Altiplano, caring for the subsistence economy of the people. The caciques did not control the production directly, although surpluses were distributed among them. Trading was performed using salt, giving the Muisca the name "The Salt People". The extraction of the high quality salt was the task of the Muisca women. Other objects used for trade were small cotton cloths and larger mantles, and ceramics. The eastern trade was dominated by the markets in Teusacá, Chocontá and Suesca. The diet of the people consisted mostly of maize, tubers and potatoes; products of their rich agriculture, with protein sources white-tailed deer and the widely domesticated guinea pig.</p><br>
<p>The area of the Eastern Hills was the boundary between the zipazgo of Bacatá, the cacicazgo of Guatavita, and the cacicazgo of Ebaqué, with the cacique based in a settlement in the present-day limits of Ubaque, named after this cacique. The settlements bordering the western part of the Eastern Hills of Bacatá—not the name of a city, yet meaning "outside the farmfields" in the version of Chibcha spoken by the Muisca, Muysccubun—were formed by from north to south Usaquén, Teusaquillo, and Usme. The eastern and northeastern slopes of the Eastern Hills were populated in small settlements of Teusacá, Suaque, Sopó and Guasca, as evidenced by numerous archaeological finds.</p><br>
<p>The forests of the Eastern Hills were considered sacred terrain in the Muisca religion, and temples were constructed to honour the main deities of the people; Chía (the Moon) and her husband Sué, the Sun. They also used the many creeks in the hills to traverse the mountains to reach their sacred lakes in pilgrimages, most notably those of Guatavita and Siecha.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish conquest (1537–1539)</h3><br>
<p>The first Europeans who saw the Bogotá savanna and the Eastern Hills were the soldiers of conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who participated in the quest for El Dorado. The period of conquest commenced when they reached the flatlands of the Bogotá savanna from the north. Although around 800 soldiers started the expedition, only 120 reached the inner Andes. They spent the Holy Week of 1537 in Chía, that was founded by the Granadian leader on March 24 after passing through Cajicá one day earlier. From here, setting up camp on the Suba Hills on April 5, the conquistadors continued southwestward towards Bacatá or Muequetá, located in modern Funza, the main settlement of the zipa Tisquesusa. The leader of the southern Muisca was defeated quickly and the Spanish set up their main camp in Bosa. Conquistador Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela was sent towards the site of Teusaquillo, where the zipa had a bohío (house). From Bosa, various expeditions on the Altiplano were organised during 1537 and early 1538. On August 6 of that year, the city of Santafé de Bogotá was officially founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial period (1539–1810)</h3><br>
<p>After the foundation of Santa Fe de Bogotá, the principal colonial settlement was concentrated in the present-day centre of the city with minor expansion on both sides of the San Francisco River. The growth of the city in the first centuries was hindered by the presence of the many wetlands and rivers on the Bogotá savanna. The political organisation of the territories in what is known today as Colombia established encomiendas in which the indigenous people had to pay tributes to the encomenderos. The Muisca were forced out of the most fertile grounds to live in less favourable areas, yet were obliged to work the good farmlands for the Spanish colonisers.</p><br>
<p>The city of Santa Fe de Bogotá grew in the 18th and early 19th century, which increased the demand for wood for construction and as firewood. The main area of exploitation was the Eastern Hills, and when Alexander von Humboldt visited the area in the early 19th century, he noted "that there was not a single tree left until the open area of Choachí".</p><br>
<h3>Republican period (1810–1930)</h3><br>
<p>The beginning of the Republican period of the Eastern Hills was marked by the independence of the Spanish Crown and the declaration of Santa Fe as capital of Gran Colombia. During this time, the higher classes of society left the colonial centre of the city and moved to higher elevations. The buildings constructed were dispersed, in contrast to the dense architecture of the colonial period. Haciendas were constructed in Usaquén, where hunting the white-tailed deer, then still abundant in the Eastern Hills, was common. As of the second half of the 19th century, a process of reforesting the Eastern Hills with imported species as eucalyptus, cypress and acacias was started. The city itself saw the development of trains and the introduction of the telegraph.</p><br>
<h3>Modern period</h3><br>
<p>The Eastern Hills were almost completely deforested in the 1930s and 1940s. In those years, the presidency of Enrique Olaya Herrera marked a new era, during which Bogotá expanded with settlement farther away from the centre of the city, and the lower classes inhabited the slopes of the Eastern Hills and the southern part of the Bogotá savanna. An important architect for the expansion and development of Bogotá in the 1930s and 1940s was Austrian Karl Brunner von Lehenstein.</p><br>
<p>The sixties and seventies of the twentieth century were marked by urban development of the international business centre of Bogotá. During these decades the Torres Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Torres de Fenicia, Torres Blancas, Torres del Parque and the Torre Colpatria, at that moment the highest building in Colombia, were constructed in the foothills of the Cerros Orientales.</p><br>
<p>The end of the 1970s and early 1980s were characterised by an influx of migrants from other parts of Colombia, mainly people from Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Santander and Tolima, many of whom settled in Suba. In 1986, eighteen illicit residential neighbourhoods were created in the hills of Usaquén.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>Most of the Eastern Hills are a natural reserve, established in 1976. The designation of an environmental code was proposed by Julio Carrizosa Umaña, who worked for the Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Several studies have been done and proposals written to improve the environmental management of the Eastern Hills. A study, published in 2008, attempts to manage the area of quebrada Manzanares where loss of flora and fauna is one of the problems. An investigation in 2009 showed that 90,000 people are living in the Eastern Hills.</p><br>
<p>The invasive species Ulex europaeus (common gorse), an evergreen shrub that has been introduced in Colombia, highly affects the original ecology of the Eastern Hills. The species has been used to fight erosion since the 1950s, but is prone to forest fires, with which it spreads its seeds.</p><br>
<h3>Mining</h3><br>
<p>Mining is a common activity in the Eastern Hills. Although most of the area is a dedicated natural reserve, in 2009 sixty-two quarries existed within the reserve of the Eastern Hills. The total surface of mining activities in 2006 was 120 hectare, less than 1 percent of the total area of the Eastern Hills. Extensive mining areas are in La Calera and Usme. The Soratama quarry, named after the indigenous Muisca woman Zoratama, in the northern part of the Eastern Hills, was used for decades until it was closed in 1990. During the 2000s and in recent years, the location of the former quarry has been destined for geomorphological restoration.</p><br>
<h3>Forest fires</h3><br>
<p>Forest fires are a common threat to the vegetation of the Eastern Hills and the living spaces on the eastern slopes of the Colombian capital. Studies about the frequency of forest fires have revealed that most fires occur on Sundays, Mondays and Fridays. Periods of increased fire frequency are the drier months January, February, July, September and October. Later in the same month, more sources of forest fires were found. During a forest fire in 2010, 30 hectare of wooded area was lost. In 2015, eighteen forest fires were noted. To extinguish the fires, helicopters with Bambi Buckets were used. The forest fires, also occurring along the road towards La Calera, east of Chapinero, and in Usme, affected schools, universities, the National Congress, the Museo del Oro and Banco de la República, who suspended their activities.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Eastern Hills have various tourist trails. The main trail, which ascends to the Monserrate monastery from La Candelaria, was for centuries a pilgrimage route for monks and nuns. The commonly used Teleférico de Monserrate was inaugurated in September 1955. Other walking paths are along the La Vieja, Las Delicias and Las Moyas creeks in Chapinero.</p><br>
<h3>Panorama</h3><br>
<p>The Reconstruction Era National Monument is a United States National Monument in Beaufort County, South Carolina established by President Barack Obama in January 2017 to preserve and commemorate activities during the Reconstruction Era that followed the American Civil War. The monument is the first USA National Monument dedicated to the Reconstruction Era. It is administered by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Creation of the monument</h2><br>
<p>The campaign to create e Reconstruction Era National Monument spanned fifteen years, beginning in the final days of the Bill Clinton administration, when outgoing Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt visited the Beaufort area, accompanied by historian Eric Foner, author of the book Reconstruction: Americas Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. In 2004, when the creation of a Beaufort Reconstruction History Park was being considered, the Sons of Confederate Veterans organized a campaign to persuade USA Representative Joe Wilson (who then represented the area of the proposed park) to oppose it. After receiving letters from the groups members and meeting with the group, Wilson told the National Park Service that he would not support the park.</p><br>
<p>The proposal was revived in 2015, however, after two historians commissioned by the Park Service—Gregory Downs of the University of California, Davis and Kate Masur of Northwestern University—undertook a field study of sites associated with the Reconstruction era and issued a report entitled National Historical Landmark Theme Study on the USA Reconstruction Era, 1861–1898. At an April 2016 symposium entitled "The Reconstruction Era: History and Public Memory" in Columbia, South Carolina, sponsored by Historic Columbia and the University of South Carolina History Center, Downs, Masur, and others spoke. At that symposium, a Park Service official indicated that opposition to the proposed national monument from the Sons of Confederate Veterans had softened.</p><br>
<p>Two USA Representatives from South Carolina, Democrat Jim Clyburn and Republican Mark Sanford (whose district has included Beaufort since redistricting in 2010), A proposal to create the Reconstruction Era National Monument through executive action received overwhelming support at a public meeting held by Clyburn and the Park Service in December 2016. The great-great-grandson of Robert Smalls—a freed slave who rose to become a member of Congress from South Carolina during Reconstruction—was a supporter of the monument&#39;s designation.</p><br>
<p>The Reconstruction Era National Monument, created in the final days of President Obama&#39;s term, was established on the same day as two National Monuments honoring the American civil rights movement: the Freedom Riders National Monument and the Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument. Obama created the monuments using his executive authority under the Antiquities Act, which confers upon the president the unilateral authority to create most national monuments.</p><br>
<p>A public dedication ceremony was held in March 2017. The monuments dedication was also celebrated at that years annual Original Gullah Festival.</p><br>
<h2>Sites that are part of the monument</h2><br>
<p>The monument includes four locations in and near Beaufort, South Carolina. The Beaufort area came under the control of the Union Army in November 1861. As a result, it was one of the first places in the United States where emancipated slaves "voted, bought property and created churches, schools and businesses." The four sites that are part of the monument are:</p><br>
<p>Darrah Hall at Penn Center (originally Penn School): Founded in 1862, this was an early school in the South for freed slaves. In 1864, it moved to its current location (now part of the monument) on Saint Helena Island. Even before the national monument was declared, Penn Center was part of a National Historic Landmark District. It is significant not only for its association with Reconstruction and civil rights, but also as a center of Gullah cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Brick Baptist Church: Located next to Penn Center, this church building was constructed in 1855 "by slaves who were relegated to its balcony out of the sight and presence of white worshipers." In 1861, after the Battle of Port Royal, some 8,000 freed slaves took control of the church. It is the oldest church on Saint Helena Island.</p><br>
<p>The Old Beaufort Firehouse (706 Craven Street) in downtown Beaufort, near other historically significant sites. The firehouse also is part of the 304-acre Beaufort National Historic District. The old firehouse is not presently open to the public, although the National Park Service plans to use the building as a visitor center.</p><br>
<p>Camp Saxton Site/Emancipation Grove at Port Royal — this is the location where Union Army General Rufus Saxton publicly read the Emancipation Proclamation to a gathering of 3,000 slaves from the surrounding Sea Islands on New Year&#39;s Day 1863. Additionally, it was the site where some of the first African-Americans were mustered into the USA Army, as enlisted soldiers in the 1st South Carolina Volunteers. The Emancipation Oak, an oak tree, is located in a nearby grove. The area is now part of Naval Hospital Beaufort.</p><br>
<p>The Freedom Riders National Monument is a United States National Monument in Anniston, Alabama established by President Barack Obama in January 2017 to preserve and commemorate the Freedom Riders during the Civil Rights Movement. The monument is administered by the National Park Service. The Freedom Riders National Monument is one of three National Monuments honoring American civil rights movements that was designated by presidential proclamation of President Obama on January 12, 2017; the others were the Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument and the Reconstruction Era National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Sites</h2><br>
<p>The Freedom Riders National Monument includes two locations. The first is the former Greyhound bus depot at 1031 Gurnee Avenue in Anniston, where, on May 14, 1961, a mob attacked an integrated group of white and black Freedom Riders who demanded an end to racial segregation in interstate busing. The mob slashed the buss tires, threw rocks, broke the buss windows, and pursued the bus after it fled the depot. The bus depot is also one of nine sites that are part of the Anniston Civil Rights and Heritage Trail, a similar mural has been installed adjacent to the former Trailways station where the other Freedom Riders arrived in 1961. The National Park Service, in conjunction with the city of Anniston, has announced plans to develop the building and open it to the public, but as of May 2017 it was closed to visitors.</p><br>
<p>The second site incorporated into the new National Monument is the "Bus Burning Site" (Old Birmingham Highway/State Route 202) some 6 mi away. It was at this spot that the bus broke down because of flat tires, and the segregationist mob continued its assault, throwing "a bundle of flaming rags into the bus that exploded seconds later" and set the bus ablaze. A sign indicating the future presence of the park was erected in 2012. Soon after it was placed at the site it was vandalized, but it was quickly repaired. The site of the burning is today surrounded by private residences.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service is currently seeking input from the public on planning and interpreting the National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>History of the monument</h2><br>
<p>The designation followed a visit by Interior Secretary Sally Jewell and National Park Service Director Jonathan Jarvis to the site in October 2016. The designation of the National Monument was hailed by local leaders in Anniston and Calhoun County, who had actively campaigned for the monument&#39;s establishment, as had Senator Richard Shelby.</p><br>
<p>A dedication ceremony took place on May 13, 2017, in downtown Anniston, on the day before the 56th anniversary of the incident. Former Freedom Rider Hank Thomas, the last living survivor of the bus-burning incident, delivered a speech. An interim visitors center, including a station where visitors may procure a National Parks passport stamp, has been established in the reception area of Anniston City Hall.</p><br>
<p>Alte Burg is a large Celtic hilltop fortification, or hillfort, that may have been used as a cult or assembly site for the regional population. It is located 9 kilometers from a major settlement of the Hallstatt and early La Tène period, the Heuneburg. Alte Burg lies in the municipality of Langenenslingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Alte Burg lies on a long spur of the hill Burgberg, at an elevation of around 695 m above NN, at the southern edge of the Swabian Jura. It is located almost 3 kilometers north west of Langenenslingen. The Heuneburg, a major settlement of the Hallstatt period overlooking the Danube, is about 9 kilometers to the south east. Another hillfort, Große Heuneburg, lies to the north east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The remains were originally interpreted in a medieval context, as the border between Langenenslingen and Emerfeld, and between Württemberg and Hohenzollern followed the central wall.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, an excavation was conducted that discovered the pit (see below) which was interpreted as a burial mound. A modern excavation followed in 2006/7 and discovered bone fragments that were dated to the 3rd or 4th century BC. Excavations have been resumed in 2014 and are ongoing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The tongue-shaped plateau of around 2 hectares is closed off towards the north east by two exterior ramparts, a deep moat and a large main rampart. Even today, the top of the main rampart is up to 12 meters above the bottom of the moat. Towards the valley the plateau is flanked by two terraces, 15 (north west) and 20 meters (south east) below the top. At the bottom of the slope another rampart and moat surround the hill. The entry to the fort was likely to the north east.</p><br>
<p>The plateau had been increased in size by the construction of dry stone walls that were then filled with rubble (stone and clay). Small stone walls on top of the plateau were built, with one cutting across the plateau in the centre, thus dividing the level area in two halves. This was the line later followed by the municipal border.</p><br>
<p>The main wall to the northeast was 13 meters thick and at least 10 meters high. It consisted of an external and internal dry stone wall with rubble filling in between. This wall was linked to another of around 40 meters length and around 5.8 meters thickness that radiated away towards the north east. It is likely that there was a gate at that point controlling access to the plateau.</p><br>
<p>The main wall has been dated to the 7th to 5th century BC. It is the largest known construction of this type from the period in question north of the Alps.</p><br>
<p>The outer rampart (of rubble and clay) was up to 2 meters high and around 18 meters thick and had no moat. The middle rampart, located on the exterior side of the moat, was at least 1.8 meters high and was built mainly from limestone.</p><br>
<p>The central pit was dug around 5 meters deep into the limestone plateau. It is surrounded by a type of stone ledge or bank. Inside this pit the 1894 excavation discovered six human skeletons.</p><br>
<p>Findings mostly date from the Hallstatt period. Some metal items from the pit area are early La Tène. Later deposits include Medieval pottery. A single Urnfield culture, i.e. pre-Celtic, pin has been found.</p><br>
<p>The plateau and the ramparts are now partially covered by trees.</p><br>
<h2>Interpretation</h2><br>
<p>There is no evidence of houses. Another large settlement so close to Heuneburg is also deemed unlikely and the pit points to some form of cult activity. Thus the Alte Burg is thought to have probably served as a cult site to the sizeable Hallstadt period population of the area, possibly also as a place where assemblies and/or games and contests too place.</p><br>
<p>The original reading of the pit as a burial site is now discounted as no burial objects have been found. Given this arrangement, a use of the pit in some form of cult, as a sacrificial pit, is now considered to be the likeliest interpretation.</p><br>
<p>The Thresher Mill is a historic industrial facility on West Barnet Road in Barnet, Vermont. First developed in 1836, it was the last water-powered mill to operate on the Stevens River, lasting into the late 20th century. The property, which includes an original mill dam and a surviving 1872 mill building, as well as archaeological sites of other industrial buildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is now styled Ben&#39;s Mill, and is a local museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thresher Mill is located in a rural setting a short way west of Barnet Center, between the Stevens River to the north and West Barnet Road to the south. The only visible elements of the complex are the main mill building and the breached crib dam spanning the river. The mill building consists of a 2-1/2 story wood frame main block, with added single-story elements on either side. It is covered by a metal roof and finished in wooden clapboards. The dam extends northward from the building across the river; it is built mainly out of planking and logs. North and south of the mill are the remnant sites of several barns and a tannery.</p><br>
<p>The industrial history of the site begins in 1836, when the land and water rights were purchased by Benjamin Carrick, who built a log cabin on the site. Carrick also built a stone dam (portions of which still survive above the wooden dam), and began operating a sawmill and tannery. The site was abandoned sometime after 1850, and was restarted in the early 1870s by Alexander Jack, who built the core of the current dam and the surviving mill building. Jack operated a variety of industrial businesses, including dying, machining, and blacksmithing on the site. A water turbine was installed on the site in the early 20th century, and was an early provider of electrical power to the village of Barnet. The property was owned by Ben Thresher from 1947 until his death in 1994, and at that time included operational water-powered machine equipment and infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>The Phineas Thurston House is a historic house on Old Silo Road  in Barnet, Vermont. Built about 1787, it is one of the oldest surviving houses in northeastern Vermont, and one of the best-preserved early houses in Barnet. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Phineas Thurston House stands in a rural area of northeastern Barnet, on the west side of Old Silo Road. It is a 1-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. A single-story ell extends to the north, ending in two carriage bays with keystoned arched openings. The main facade is five bays wide, with nine-over-six sash windows, and a center entrance with an original paneled door and transom window. The interior follows a typical central-chimney plan, although the chimney itself has been removed. The entrance opens into a narrow vestibule, with a winding stair to the attic level, with chambers on either side of the chimney space. There are three rooms along the rear, traditionally a pantry and borning room. The ell housed the summer kitchen. The interior retains much original woodwork and decorative features, with restorative work performed using period materials from other houses.</p><br>
<p>Barnet was first settled in 1770, but significant growth did not begin until after the American Revolutionary War. Phineas Thurston was part of that wave of settlement, arriving in 1787. He purchased 400 acre of land, and probably built this house within the following year, using lumber from a recently established nearby sawmill. Based on a survey of period Cape houses in the region performed in 1976, this is one of the best-preservered, and is particularly distinguished by its early ell and carriage bays. The house as been separated in ownership from the surrounding land, which is still used for agriculture.</p><br>
<p>The Allentown Bridge is a bridge spanning the Puerco River near Houck, Arizona, located in Apache County. The existing structure was completed in 1923 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1922, a major upgrading of the highway between Adamana and the Arizona state line with New Mexico. As part of this upgrade, bridges were proposed to cross the Puerco River, near the Indian settlements of Allentown and Sanders, as well as a smaller structure over the Lupton Arroyo near Lupton. Without the bridges over the Puerco, vehicles had to wait for waters to subside to a point where they could ford the river. The wait could reach up to 24 hours.</p><br>
<p>AHD engineered a design for the structures, the design for the bridge near Allentown called for a medium-span deck truss with twenty-foot cantilevered ends. On January 1, 1923 AHD announced bids for all three structures. A Denver construction company, the Midland Bridge Company, was awarded the contract for the Allentown bridge. At a total cost of $11,675, funding was supplied from an Apache County bond issue as well as money from the state road fund. Construction began on January 17 and was completed on July 11. After completion, this stretch of highway would become part of the road later designated USA Highway 66.</p><br>
<p>Due to a realignment of USA 66 in 1931, the Allentown bridge, along with the Sanders bridge, were no longer on the route. Today the bridge only carries local traffic on the Navajo Nation.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The substructure of the bridge consists of concrete abutments and solid concrete piers, while the superstructure is made of a riveted steel 9-panel Pratt deck truss, with both its ends cantilevered. There are steel lattice guardrails, with timber stringer/pile approach spans on both sides. It is a single span of 90 feet in length and 15.2 feet in width, with a total length of 206 feet. On September 30, 1988, the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is one of the earliest bridges with a deck truss design which was built by the State Engineer and, with the Little Hell Canyon Bridge, is one of the two earliest deck truss bridges in the state. The cantilevered ends are unique in Arizona among trusses built for vehicular process.</p><br>
<p>Fayette Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Fayette, Howard County, Missouri. The district encompasses 35 contributing buildings in the central business district of Fayette. It developed between about 1828 and 1947 and includes representative examples of Second Empire, Italianate, and Romanesque Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Dr. Uriel S. Wright Office. Other notable buildings include the Fayette Public Library , City Hall , New Opera House Block , A. F. Davis Bank , Commercial Bank , The New Century Block Building , Bell Block Building , USA Post Office Building , Howard County Jail and Residence , and Howard County Courthouse .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Ai J. White Duplex is a historic two-unit residential building at 343 Main Street in the city of Newport, Vermont. Built about 1897, it is a well-preserved example of multi-unit Queen Anne architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ai J. White Duplex stands just west of the main downtown area of Newport, on the south side of Main Street roughly midway between 3rd Street and Governor Drive. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a cross-gabled roof and an exterior clad in a combination of wooden clapboards and decorative cut shingles. Its front facade is roughly in three bays, with the right bay consisting of a two-story projecting polygonal window bay, and the left bay consisting of an angled rectangular bay with a picture window on the ground floor and a pair of sash windows on the second. The center bay has a single sash window on the ground floor, and none on the second. Entrance porches are on either side, with turned posts and balusters. The left porch is two stories high, with a spindled valance on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1897 by Ai J. White, a French Canadian immigrant. White owned a shop at the back of the property where he manufactured window sashes and blinds, and apparently built this duplex as an income-producing property. Most of its documented occupants have been working-class laborers, but it was also occupied early in the 20th century by Leon Colodny, a German-Russian immigrant who owned one of Newport&#39;s downtown commercial blocks. It was sold out of the White family in 1943.</p><br>
<p>Fayette Residential Historic District is a national historic district located at Fayette, Howard County, Missouri. The district encompasses 308 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Fayette. It developed between about 1832 and 1956 and includes representative examples of Gothic Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Coleman Hall. Other notable buildings include the Hampton L. Boon House / George Carson House , W. W. Blakemore House , John Sears House / John B. Clark House , McKinney Sisters House , Tully Chenowith House , Methodist Episcopal Parsonage , T. A. F. Mitchell House , Oliver H. P. Corprew House , Huntington Hall, A. F. Davis House , R. Lee Maupin House , Mrs. John H. Farrington House , the Daly School , the T. A. Grigsby Building , and St. Joseph&#39;s Catholic Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Garrison Concourse is a roadside park on Mille Lacs Lake in Garrison, Minnesota, United States. The site consists of a wide parking area and scenic overlook projecting out into the lake, plus landscaped parkland along the shore in both directions. It was built from 1936 to 1939 as the centerpiece of the Mille Lacs Highway Development Plan, a major New Deal project to create a scenic parkway along the lakeshore. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 for having state-level significance in the themes of landscape architecture and politics/government. It was nominated for being the premiere structure of the most extensive roadside development project undertaken by the Minnesota Highway Department  and the Civilian Conservation Corps , and for its blend of formalism and National Park Service rustic design.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Garrison Concourse stands on the northwest shore of Mille Lacs Lake, a major destination for recreational fishing. It was built on USA Route 169—which runs between Minneapolis–Saint Paul and the Iron Range cities—at its junction with Minnesota State Highway 18, leading toward Brainerd and several other major fishing lakes.</p><br>
<p>The principal feature is the overlook, a D-shaped platform with a paved driveway and parking area surrounding a central island, and a curving stone walkway around the periphery. The platform measures 335 ft north to south and 190 ft east to west, and projects 160 ft into the lake.</p><br>
<p>The overlook wall consists of large blocks of granite, roughly finished and laid in a random pattern. The walls are 2 ft thick and rise 3 ft above the inner walkway. 3 ft stone piers are spaced at intervals. The inner walkway widens in three places to provide space for sightseers to congregate. A 120 ft bay is centered on the lakeward side of the platform, while 70 ft bays stand at both landward corners.</p><br>
<p>The central island was designed with formal plantings delineated by a grid of walkays. A 16 ft flagstone plaza in the center surrounds a stone monument, which serves as a mount for an interpretive plaque and the base of a flagpole. 6 in stone curbing once defined much of the grounds. The only surviving original sections, however, are around the central island and a 230 ft stretch along the highway shoulder south of the overlook. Native trees and shrubs pepper the open space on either side of the overlook.</p><br>
<p>The National Register listing is broken down into four contributing properties: one site (the designed landscape itself) and three structures (the overlook wall, the monument, and the granite curbing). Two elements built in more recent times are considered noncontributing properties: a fiberglass statue of a giant walleye erected around 1980 and a small visitor information booth built around 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Mille Lacs Lake arose as a popular visitor destination in the early 20th century, first through rail access but then by automobile as a scenic highway was designated along its western shore in 1917 and as cars became affordable for middle-class families. It was the first large lake encountered by motorists traveling north out of Minneapolis–Saint Paul. By the 1920s the highway along Mille Lacs Lake was the state&#39;s most traveled, providing access to a growing number of tourist amenities nearby as well as destinations just beyond it in the directions of Brainerd and Aitkin. The road became USA Route 169 in 1931.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the Minnesota Highway Department began an ambitious series of improvement projects to realign roadways and establish scenic waysides, taking advantage of federal funds and labor provided by the New Deal to combat the Great Depression. The work was intended to improve highway aesthetics, increase safety, and aid the nascent automobile tourism industry by providing scenic areas for motorists to relax, eat, and use restrooms in the years before gas stations and convenience stores became commonplace.</p><br>
<p>The Garrison Concourse was designed on a large scale, both to accommodate the number of visitors it would see and to match the scale of Mille Lacs Lake. It is the third largest of more than 50 overlooks built by the MHD during the New Deal, and the only one to project into a body of water.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Mille Lacs Lake Highway Wayside Camp, or SP-15, was established just outside the small town of Garrison. It housed a rotating population of 200 men employed by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The camp was operated by the USA Army, while the work projects were directed by the National Park Service and the Minnesota Highway Department. Of the 120 CCC camps established in Minnesota, only four were attached to the MHD. SP-15 was the longest lived of the four—active for four and a half years—and produced the most extensive accomplishments. The camp laborers were initially 18–25-year-olds, but later it hosted a company of older men who were veterans of World War I.</p><br>
<p>Work on the Garrison Concourse began in spring 1936. First they relocated to the north a small monument to William Tauer, a local hotelier who had drowned while trying to save boaters in distress during a June 1927 storm. During the summer of 1936 the CCC enrollees built a cofferdam to hold back the lakewater and laid the footings of the overlook wall. Extreme heat and a reassignment to help fight forest fires up north slowed progress, but the following year the overlook wall was mostly completed. The overlook plaza was built up with gravel, clay, and stone fill. The men also created a 350 ft sandy beach north of the overlook to complement the natural beach on the south side. From 1938 to 1939, the workers completed the central plaza and its monument, stonework, benches, landscaping, and planting.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Garrison Concourse, Camp SP-15 widened the highway from two lanes to four for 10 mi, realigned a section, constructed two other wayside rests and four stone-faced bridges, and landscaped the right-of-way. This fell far short of the original hope to develop a scenic highway all the way around the lake, but it was still Minnesotas most extensive highway development project of the New Deal era. Camp SP-15s other projects in the area include the Kenney Lake Overlook, Bridge 5265, and Bridge 3355, and the St. Alban&#39;s Bay Culvert, each of which is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Garrison Concourse was extensively restored beginning in 2011. Ice and wave action had taken a toll on the overlook wall, and the plaza had deteriorated. The Preservation Alliance of Minnesota had placed it on their 2010 "10 most endangered historic places" list. The state highway department—now renamed the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT)—performed the work to meet federal standards for historic properties. Loose stones were reset and missing stones replaced with similar material. Several stones knocked out of the overlook wall were recovered from the lakebed and fitted back into place. Repairs were made to the plaza and flagpole monument. The walleye statue and information booth, which had been placed in the middle of the plaza in the late 20th century, were moved a short distance to be less visually obtrusive.</p><br>
<p>South Main Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Fayette, Howard County, Missouri. The district encompasses 21 contributing buildings and 3 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Glasgow. It developed between about 1830 and 1935 and includes representative examples of Italianate and Queen Anne style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Edwin and Nora Payne Bedford House. Other notable buildings include the V. M Grigsby house , R. M. Moon house , Denneny sisters house , Joseph Shepard house / Joseph Davis house , Joseph Howard house , Thomas Howard house , J. D. Tolson house , and the Robert Wilhoit house .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Fayette City Park Swimming Pool, also known as the Fayette WPA Pool and WWI Memorial, is a historic swimming pool located at Fayette, Howard County, Missouri. It was built in 1936 as a Works Progress Administration funded project. The pool building is a roughly egg shaped, one-story Art Deco structure with a rectangular two-story entrance hall on the north. The building has two-toned brick walls and a concrete foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Fayette City Park Swimming Pool is one of several above-ground swimming pools designed by architect Wesley Bintz between 1919 and the 1950s. Headquartered in Lansing, Michigan, Bintz patented his iconic "Bintz Pool," which boasted efficiency and cost-effectiveness through the use of the "ovoid" shape and the above-ground design. While there were once about 135 "Bintz" swimming pools throughout the United States, today there are approximately 16 still standing, with even fewer still operating as swimming pools.</p><br>
<p>Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at West Plains, Howell County, Missouri. The district encompasses 46 contributing buildings in the central business district of West Plains. It developed between about 1881 and 1950 and includes representative examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, Late Gothic Revival, and Art Deco style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Elledge Arcade Buildings, W. J. and Ed Smith Building, and West Plains Bank Building. Other notable buildings include the IOOF Building #2 , First Presbyterian Church , Howell County Courthouse , Aid Hardware Building , W. N. Evans Building , J. R. Foster Building , Foster-Renfrew Building , Alsup, Risley & Skillman Block , Catron Opera House / Johnson Opera House , IOOF Building / J. R. Galloway Building , Evans Theatre , W. J. Zorn Building, #1/Howell County Gazette Building , West Plains Fire Department/City Hall , and Avenue Theatre .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Geding Lake  is a lake west of the Aarhus suburb of Tilst in Aarhus Municipality, Denmark. The stream Egå and the Egå river valley begins here. The lake is bounded by the Aarhus-Randers Rail Line to the west.</p><br>
<p>Geding Lake is also known under the older name Gjeding Sø. The lake is connected to a myth and folk story stating that Geding Lake, Brabrand Lake and Lading Lake was created during a battle between two giants that lived in the hills Hasle Høj and Borum Eshøj.</p><br>
<p>Until 1997, the hills on the eastern side of the lake were used for skiing including a ski lift provided by Aarhus SKi Club, but due to lack of snow for years these activities have stopped.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental conditions</h2><br>
<p>Geding Lake is rich in calcium. The ecosystem of the Lake has experienced problems with heightened levels of chlorophyll some 3 times higher than the targeted levels. The catchment area is fairly small at just a few square kilometers so the inflow of phosphorus and nitrogen is relatively small compared to other lakes in Denmark but is still deemed too high and the surrounding agricultural areas would have to decrease runoff to the lake by some two kilograms annually to reach environmental targets. Over time it may be necessary to undertake a restoration project to return the lake to its natural condition.</p><br>
<p>The neighboring Mundelstrup Stationsby has experienced a major pollution event from the fertilizer factory Mundelstrup Gødningsfabrik which was active in the area from 1870 to 1904 when it burned. The factory caused major pollution with heavy metals in Geding Lake, Geding-Kasted Bog and the river Egå, in particularly with arsenic. The factory has closed, the migration of heavy metals to waterbodies in the area has stopped and it is expected that the levels of arsenic will now decrease over time. However, the lake sediment still contains high levels of the poison and Geding Lake is under continued observation for this reason.</p><br>
<p>Drumlohan Souterrain and Ogham Stones, known locally as the Ogham Cave, is a souterrain with ogham stones forming a National Monument located in County Waterford, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Drumlohan Souterrain and Ogham Stones are located in farmland 4 km (2½ mi) east of Lemybrien.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ogham stones were carved between 400 and 700 AD.</p><br>
<p>The souterrain is believed to have been constructed around the 9th century AD and is aligned WSW, facing the setting sun. Souterrains were storage sites and places of refuge.</p><br>
<p>In July/August 1867 a local farmer rediscovered the souterrain and ogham stones. In 1936 part of the souterrain was dismantled and some of the ogham stones re-erected above ground.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Souterrain</h3><br>
<p>This souterrain gallery is about 4.9 m (16 ft) long and 1.3 m (4 ft) wide, with a roof height of up to 1.2 m (4 ft). It is constructed of orthostats roofed with lintels, and ten ogham stones were used as lintels and sidestones (some of them being installed upside-down). One of the roofstones bears cup marks.</p><br>
<h3>Ogham stones</h3><br>
<p>The stones (CIIC 272–281) vary in size. All are greenschist, except for two of slate and one of conglomerate. The inscriptions are:</p><br>
<p>MANU MAGUNO GATI MOCOI MACORBO (of Manu the boy of Gáeth, of the tribe of Macorbo) — perhaps the Dál Maic-Cuirp, one of the Déisi Muman</p><br>
<p>CALUNOVIC MAQI MUCOI LITỊ (of Culann, son of the tribe of Litenos)</p><br>
<p>MAQI-INI ̣ ̣ ? ̣ ̣ MAQI(?) QE(?)TTEAS (of Maqinni, son of Qetteas)</p><br>
<p>CUNALEGEA MAQI CSALAR CELI AVI QVECI (of Conlaoi son of C...salar, follower of the grandson of Cuach)</p><br>
<p>BIGU MAQI LAG... (of Bigu, son of Lag...)</p><br>
<p>BIR MAQI MUCOI ROTTAIS (of Bir, son of the tribe of Rottis) — referring to the Rothrige, a subject tribe of the Déisí</p><br>
<p>MAQI NEAS (... son of Netacunas). The name Netacunas means "Hound&#39;s champion."</p><br>
<p>DENAVECCOI MEDALO (of Denaveca of the tribe of Medalo) — maybe the Dál Mo Dala</p><br>
<p>BROAS (of Broinionas)</p><br>
<p>DEAGOS MAQI MUCOI... NAI (of Deagos, son of the tribe of I...nai)</p><br>
<p>The Noisetier Cave , owing its popular name to the Hazel trees that grow in front of its entrance, is located in a mountainside 145 m atop the Vallée d&#39;Aure in the Ardengost commune, Hautes-Pyrénées department in the region Occitania, southern France. During systematic excavations since 1992 Middle Paleolithic stone tools and artifacts attributed to the Neanderthal Mousterian culture were discovered among numerous faunal remains.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Sheltered by the Ardengost limestones which rise to 1,450 m the cave is located at 825 m above sea level on the western slopes and overlooks the Neste d&#39;Aure river valley, a tributary of the Garonne. The cave is a sub-horizontal gallery, oriented north to south and its entrance opens towards the south. It is 20 m long, 3 to 4 m in width and 3 to 6 m in height.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The Grotto is entrenched within the Pyrenean Primary Axial Zone as part of the Ardengost limestone massif, that contains a rich microfauna of foraminifera, brachiopods and polyps and floral (algae) elements. The age of this formation was revised during the 2004 excavation based on this paleontological content and re-dated within the Carboniferous from the upper Visean to the Serpukhovian at around 300 Million years ago. The calcareous particles of these organic components supported the formation of micrite mud, a limestone constituent that enabled the development of the local karst.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The presence of paleo-human remains in the cave was first suggested in 1898 by Armand Viré but only in 1985 it was visited again by caver E. Casteret who reported to the Regional Archaeology Service of the Midi-Pyrénées department. An initial survey operation was conducted in 1987 under the direction of Michel Allard in order to investigate the extent and impact of decades of illegal levies. Two field sessions in 1992 and 1993 were undertaken to assess the archaeological significance of the site and to determine appropriate protection measures. The subsequent excavation probe of a few square meters lead to the discovery of several cultural layers, relatively rich in Mousterian lithic vestiges and faunal remains and it was determined to permanently protect the site with a strong barred gate at the entrance. This rescue campaigns&#39;s results remained mainly unpublished. In a few brief notes the site is usually presented as a temporary occupation site or hunting camp specialized on chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and ibex (pyrenaica pyrenaica). In 2004, another interdisciplinary research excavation was launched at the site, that lead to a number of new discoveries, in some cases results were contrary to earlier ones. The discovery of juvenile Neanderthal teeth, for example contradicts the hunting camp hypothesis of the site.</p><br>
<h3>Dating</h3><br>
<p>Dates, that were obtained by the Carbon-14 dating method indicate a range between of about 30,000 and 50,000 years ago for the entire archaeological sequence. Biochronological data of microfauna and larger animals, similarity association with layers of the Combe-Grenal site allow to propose an allocation of deposits during the interglacial period between the Würm II and Würm III ice ages. Based on AMS radiocarbon dates and biochronological data, the archaeological levels are attributed to a temperate phase of the Oxygen isotope stage 3.</p><br>
<h2>Stone tools</h2><br>
<p>The stone tool industry of local raw materials from the alluvial formations of the Neste river, such as quartzites, lydites, cinerites, and schists is considered to be of a mediocre quality. Flint, as found in the cultural sediments is naturally absent in the immediate environment and must have been imported from several sources. The most exploited flint quarry is the Montagaillard flysch, located 40 km away in the Hibarette community of the Montgaillard region. This ﬂysch ﬂint is of good quality and is found in slabs of different sizes. The presence of Lepidorbitoid fossils in some flints indicates even more distant sources located in the Béarn province, more than 100 km away. Apparently, the ﬂint outcrops of the Petites Pyrénées to the northeast were not used</p><br>
<p>The tooling is simple and consists mainly of scrapers and denticulates, the execution is often incomplete and irregular. The main production method is the discoid bifacial breakdown. Tools and products of full Levallois debitage, debris, by-products and retouching shards are present in large numbers, as are sandstone and granite hammering tools, although in smaller numbers. The Levallois technique is also attested on quartzite, schist or lydite cutting devices, regular parallel surface products and faceted heels. Noteworthy is the discovery of a two-sided cleaver.</p><br>
<h2>Fossils</h2><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The Noisetier site has yielded more than 10,000 fossils of large animals and an additional 80,000 determinable remains of small rodents.</p><br>
<p>Dominant are mountain species, especially chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) followed by deer and large bovines. Moderate amounts of carnivore fossils of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), leopard and dhole (Cuon alpinus) are documented.</p><br>
<p>A taphonomic survey concluded distinct types of large animal bone accumulations by different agents. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and bovine fossils with butchery marks are extremely abundant while carnivore marks are rare. No deer bone is digested while nearly half of the bones show human interference. Neanderthals account for most of the deer and the bovines and a sizable portion of the chamois and ibex fossils, some of them were secondly scavenged by carnivores. The survey also allows to favor the hypothesis of extraction by Neanderthals of the fat contained in the spongy tissues of deer bones. In chamois assemblages, 482 fossils were investigated and the non-human predation marks interpreted. Bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus), that must have occupied the site during Neanderthal&#39;s absence accumulated a high percentage of the chamois bones and to a lower degree those of ibex. Dhole (Cuon alpinus) teeth and bones are the most numerous among carnivores. Milk teeth suggest that Cuon alpinus sheltered its offspring at the site. A 2013 study concluded that dholes contributed to the present composition of animal fossils, to which extent remains debated.</p><br>
<h3>Microfauna</h3><br>
<p>Studies on microfauna, that was very abundant and relatively homogeneous over the entire sequence have, apart from confirming the interglacial climate during the stratigraphic sequence, delivered an independent set of discoveries. From the more than 80,000 remains of rodent species identified, among others were: Arvicola terrestris, Mimomys pyrenaicus, Mimomys pyrenaicus november. sp., Mimomys salpetrierensis, and the Pyrenean desman or muskrat (Galemys pyrenaïcus).</p><br>
<p>With the discovery of Mimomys salpetrierensis, the former hypothesis of defining the Lower Pleistocene and Middle Pleistocene through the disappearance of Mimomys has been called into question. This also applies to other species, such as Pliomys and Allocricetus, which were thought to have become extinct during the Eemian. Another example is the European adder (Vipera berus) which evolved towards the Baskian viper and now occupies the Cantabrian region and the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaïcus), found in fossil form at the site. The European water vole (Arvicola terrestris) retained a local enclave whereas the rest of the population turned towards Asia.</p><br>
<p>Further studies suggested that the Nemausia genus, a nomen nudum is identic with the Mimomys genus. Mimomys pyrenaicus november. sp. was identified as a new species, that supplements the Mimomys lineage between Mimomys salpetrierensis and Mimomys blanci and it also confirms that the Pyrenees served as a refuge for species that are endemic today.</p><br>
<h3>Human Remains</h3><br>
<p>The site has delivered three dental relics. According to morphological and metric traits, these teeth fit in the variability of Neanderthal. The teeth have a significant attrition of the crown and incomplete roots as those of a 5 to 10 year old child. Depending on the current variability and the fact that they have been discovered in the same sector and in the same level, they could correspond to the same individual.</p><br>
<h2>Character of the site</h2><br>
<p>Questions relating to the function of the site are at the heart of the research carried out since 2004. What were the reasons why the Neanderthal groups wanted to frequent the mountain environment? Marked climatic contrasts and important differences in altitude, the mountain environment is generally regarded as constraining for Paleolithic hunter-gatherers groups. The initial hypothesis of a site linked to a hunting camp for mountain game was put into question. Deer is preferentially being hunted, although this species is not typical for a mountain environment. The presence of human juvenile incisors indicates that the site was not exclusively frequented by groups of adult hunters. The questioning of classical interpretation as a halt of hunting poses more questions than it solves and, in the present state of research, the Mousterian occupation of the grotto finds no simple explanation either. It could have served as a temporary habitat site or stage site to travel to the southern slopes of the Pyrenees or for the exploitation of specific mineral resources, but all that remains difficult to demonstrate. In the current state of research, only hypothesis can be proposed to explain the Mousterian occupation of the Noisetier cave.</p><br>
<p>Stilling-Solbjerg Lake  is a lake in Jutland, Denmark between Stilling in Skanderborg Municipality and Solbjerg in Aarhus Municipality. The lake is 7 km long and it is a part of the upper section of Aarhus river. In Stilling the lake is also known as Stilling Lake, in Solbjerg it is known as Solbjerg Lake and in Fregerslev it is known as Fregerslev Lake. Stilling-Solbjerg Lake and the areas around it are a protected area. The area includes the lake and the valley Pilbrodalen. It was protected in 1964 and 1965 by the Danish Nature Agency.</p><br>
<p>The lake is not freely accessible from all directions but there are large recreational areas with jetties and benches by the lake in both Stilling and Solbjerg. From the north side the lake is accessible from Søgårde and from the south side Restaurant Stilling Sø lies by the shore. The lake is home to the training facilities for Skanderborg Vandski Klub (Skanderborg Water Ski Club)-</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>There are a number of myths and legends associated with the lake and its surroundings. One of the more recent is from the Torstensson War against Sweden from 1643 to 1645. It was said that the generals of king Christian IV always travelled with a chest of silver to pay for mercenaries. In the winter of 1643-1644, Skanderborg Castle was besieged by Swedish forces and a group of Danish soldiers attempted to secure the silver and bring it to Aarhus. However, the soldiers were discovered by a group of Swedish soldiers and the Danes then made a hole in the ice and, while under fire, dropped the contents of the chest into the lake to prevent the Swedes from getting hold of it.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental conditions</h2><br>
<p>Stilling-Solbjerg Lake is characterized by high levels of calcium and is categorized as a lake type 10 in the Danish lake classification system. Bathing is allowed and deemed safe and Stilling Beach Park is a Blue Flag beach.</p><br>
<p>The lake suffers from high levels of chlorophyll, in the 2010s some 2.5 times higher than the ideal target. There has previously been pollution with especially phosphorus and nitrogen from both agriculture and untreated wastewater from residential areas. The problems have abated since the 1980s due to an active effort on part of the bordering municipalities. The level of agricultural runoff has decreased dramatically but the level of phosphorus remains largely unchanged due to accumulation in the lake sediment. In August and September there&#39;s usually some degree of cyanobacterial growth and algal blooms.</p><br>
<p>Stilling-Solbjerg Lake has a diverse flora and fauna. There are 13 registered species of vegetation, although coverage is only some 2% of the lake bottom and it is unstable due to the high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. There are a total of 10 fish species including pike, rudd, roach, bream, perch, Zander, European eel, gasterosteiformes and burbot. The dominating species are roach and perch while Zander is well established.</p><br>
<p>The Alpine Elementary School is a compound consisting of four buildings in Alpine, Arizona. The original school building was built in 1930, while the current gym/auditorium was constructed as an LDS chapel in 1939. There are also two more recent constructions consisting of modular buildings, which are not considered as contributing to the historical nature of the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was constructed as a two-room schoolhouse in 1930. It had been preceded by four earlier schoolhouses. The first schoolhouse was a 20 foot by 20 foot log construction built in 1882. This structure was expanded to 40 by 20 in 1885. This remained the town&#39;s only schoolhouse until the mid-1910s, when it was accidentally burned down by two students. A second structure, this one of wood frame, was constructed at a cost of $4,000 in 1916–17, and opened in the fall of 1917. The structure contained two classrooms, a stage, and a recreation hall. With a capacity of 300 people, it could hold more than the total population of the town. Lightning struck the building in 1919, resulting in a fire which burned the school to the ground. A temporary structure, again of rough-hewn timber was constructed to handle classes beginning in 1920. In addition to holding classes, all three of these buildings were also used for town meetings as well as religious services.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the town spent $4,800 to construct the current stone schoolhouse, which opened for classes in the fall. The building consisted of two classrooms and two cloakrooms. Two outhouses were in the building&#39;s rear. The structure was of concrete foundation and red limestone walls; the limestone came from a quarry approximately three miles south of the town. One of the classrooms held class for grades 1 through 4, while the other conducted classes for grades 5 through 8. During the 1930s the enrollment varied between the high 20s and low 40s. Upon finishing eighth grade, any students wishing to attend high school were bussed to Round Valley High School, about 20 miles to the north in Eagar.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s the schoolhouse was also the townships meeting hall, as well as hosting many different functions, activities and both public and private events. It also served as the communitys LDS church. During the 1940s the outhouses were replaced by interior restrooms and indoor plumbing.</p><br>
<p>The growth of the community saw the need for a chapel for the LDS ward. Alexander & Burton designed the building, and construction on the chapel began in 1938, handled by the construction firm of C. Bryant Whiting of nearby Springerville. The same red limestone as the schoolhouse was used for the chapel. Crude blocks were quarried, than transported to the site by horse-drawn wagons, where they were finished by local workmen, who were supervised by an Italian stonemason. Wood for the interior was supplied from Forest Service lands, a total of 150,000 board-feet was processed at a local sawmill owned by a Bishop of the LDS church. The milled arches at the front entry, along with other decorative elements were created using a wheeled bandsaw. Whiting completed the construction on time in the Spring of 1939, and came in under budget, costing less than $17,000. The first use of the structure was by the Relief Society, which held a meeting on April 30, 1939. With its larger meeting room, it replaced the schoolhouse as the community&#39;s meeting hall, as well as religious center.</p><br>
<p>According to some accounts, the two-room schoolhouse is the oldest school building in Apache County to see continuous use. In December 1972, due to declining membership, the LDS ward was dissolved. In 1987 the Alpine Elementary School District acquired the former chapel, and combined it with the schoolhouse, to be used as a multipurpose room and gymnasium. In addition to its scholastic activities, the chapel continues to be used for community events and meetings.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The complex consists of several buildings: two older stone structures, the schoolhouse built in 1930 and the former chapel (now used as a gym/multipurpose room) built in 1938–39; and two more modern pre-fabricated modular buildings which were erected in the mid to late 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>School building</h3><br>
<p>The school is a one-story building with a concrete foundation and red limestone walls of ashlar construction. The corners of the building contain quoins of white limestone, and the roof is galvanized sheet metal. There are two entries to the building, on the east and west sides of the building. The main entry lies to the east, with the rear entry to the west. Both entries have double wooden doors inside of which is a vestibule adorned with stone piers with concrete arches. The schoolhouse architecture is of no particular singular style. American Craftsman and Bungalow style can be seen in the decorative wooden shingles below the gable ends, three-light panel doors, and knee braces; Romanesque Revival style is seen in the rounded arches of the two entries.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the interior consisted of two classrooms and a coatroom. In the 1940s the external outhouses were replaced with the installation of internal plumbing and two restrooms. The classrooms are divided by a sliding wooden partition. The original wood-burning stoves used to heat the structure have since been replaced by central heating. Neither the architect or builder is known.</p><br>
<h3>Former chapel</h3><br>
<p>The gymnasium is a one and half story building with an asymmetrical floorplan and cross-gabling. Like the schoolhouse, it has a concrete foundation, although it has a partial basement. Like the school, it has dressed limestone walls set in a random ashlar pattern, but differs from the school in that the limestone is white, rather than red. Its roof is made of composition shingles. The front of the building has a recessed porch supported by wooden arches; its front door has solid batten construction with wrought-iron hinges. Decorative Stick style flourishes can be found at the front entry, and both the east and west gable ends. Other decorative touches include notched rafter ends on each eve, as well as the dormer roof. Most of the building&#39;s windows are of the metal casement style with wooden sashes, original to the structure, except for one which has been replaced by a modern aluminum slider.</p><br>
<p>The original assembly room of the chapel became the schools auditorium and gymnasium, the original flooring replaced by maple hardwood, to serve as the surface for a basketball court. The former church office was redone to become a kindergarten room, and two smaller rooms were combined to become the home economics classroom, which also doubles as the schools cafeteria. An interior restroom has also been added.</p><br>
<p>Alexander & Burton were the architects of the chapel. They designed several LDS churches during the 1930s and 1940s, including the Phoenix LDS Third Ward Chapel and the LDS church in St. Johns, both built in 1938. The chapel was built by C. Bryant Whiting, a Springerville contractor, and its successful completion led to his success as a contractor.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>Originally, there were two outhouses to the rear of the school building, but they were removed when interior plumbing and restrooms were installed in the 1940s. Between 1976–79 two prefabricated modular buildings were constructed behind the schoolhouse, in order to increase the capacity of the school. One of the modules houses the school&#39;s offices and a music room, while the other contains the library and a learning library.</p><br>
<p>Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Carthage, Jasper County, Missouri. The district encompasses 42 contributing buildings in the central business district of Carthage. It developed in the late-19th and early-20th centuries and includes representative examples of Italianate and Romanesque Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Jasper County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the Bank of Carthage, Ben Franklin Store , Farmers and Drovers Bank / Miller Clothing Company , Belk-Simpson Building , Carthage Water & Electric Co. , Snyder Building , Drake Hotel , Fire Department , Leggett and Platt , McNerney Block , and Carthage National Bank.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Joplin Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Joplin, Jasper County, Missouri. The district encompasses 48 contributing buildings in the central business district of Joplin. It developed between about 1883 and 1958 and includes representative examples of Mission Revival, Art Deco, and Modern Movement style architecture. The district includes the previously listed Fifth and Main Historic District, Newman Brothers Building, Fox Theater, and St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad Building. Other notable buildings include the Liberty Building , Cunningham Bank / Quinby Building , Model Clothing Store Building , Lichliter-Kassab Building , Zelleken Block , Muenning Building , and Frank Hollcroft Livery Building .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Dernberg is one of the most notable mountains in the Richtersveld and the, on the border between South Africa and Namibia. This region is noted for its extreme dryness  and Dernberg is an important landmark in the Zebrawater watershed that ultimately feeds into the Orange River, South Africa&#39;s biggest river.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is 790 metres high, so while far from the tallest mountain the area (the Vandersterberg is 1362 metres), it is one of the steepest and most recognisable peaks that one sees during the popular Vensterval Trail hike through the park. It is not frequently climbed, due to the steep and crumbly rock at its peak, but it makes a great Grade 4 scramble () for experienced scramblers.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is also one of the best locations to find the enchanting halfmens (half-human) tree.</p><br>
<p>The West View Farm is a historic farm property on Hastings Road  in Waterford, Vermont. The farm is unique for its distinctive round barn, built in 1903 to a design by St. Johnsbury architect Lambert Packard, and surviving 19th-century corn crib and smokehouse. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>West View Farm is located in a rural setting of western Waterford, on 150 acre on either side of Hastings Road, now a spur road ending at the farmstead complex. Most of the property is wooded, but there are open fields for hay and pasture near the farmstead. Buildings in the farm cluster include a rambling c. 1860 Greek Revival farmhouse with several extending ells, a c. 1860 smokehouse, a c. 1870 corn crib, an early 20th-century poultry house, and a large round barn built in 1903. The barn is three levels high, with the bottom two levels unobstructed except for the central circular silo. Its exterior is clad in wooden shingles.</p><br>
<p>The farm property was established in 1807 by Josiah Hastings. The present farmhouse was built by his son Curtis about 1860. The round barn was one of the last works designed by St. Johnsbury architect Lambert Packard, and is one of a small number of surviving early 20th-century round barns in the state. It was built by Fred Quimby, a carpenter from Barnet who was locally known for his silos. It was also an instant tourist attraction, drawing 2,000 visitors in the first year after its construction. The farm&#39;s smokehouse and corn crib are also two rare surviving examples of 19th-century outbuildings of their type.</p><br>
<p>Ballynageeragh Portal Tomb is a dolmen and National Monument situated in County Waterford, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The tomb is located in pastureland 1 km (⅔ mile) northwest of Dunhill, near the headwaters of the Annestown River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dolmens were constructed in Ireland in the 4th millennium BC. Investigations in the late 1930s revealed cremated bone, flint and charcoal in the chamber. The tomb was (clumsily) reconstructed in 1940.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The dolmen has an oval capstone, 4 × 2.65 × 0.7 m, weighing 6¾ tons. The tomb faces southwest (toward the setting sun) but the portal-stones are missing. The capstone rests on a doorstone and a cushion stone on top of the backstone. There are several side stones.</p><br>
<p>The Coates House Hotel is a former hotel at 1005 Broadway in downtown Kansas City, Missouri, on the National Register of Historic Places. Also known as the New Coates House Hotel, it was built in 1889–1891 incorporating parts of an earlier hotel, which had been built in the late 1860s as the Broadway Hotel and then become the Coates House after a change in ownership. In 1978, when it had become primarily single-room occupancy for transients, it burned in the deadliest fire in the city&#39;s history. It was subsequently restored and is now an apartment building.</p><br>
<h2>First hotel</h2><br>
<p>The first hotel on the site, at 10th Street and Broadway, was designed in 1857 by John Johnson, an English architect who later became the third mayor of Kansas City, as part of the development of former farmland owned by Kersey Coates that later became the neighborhood of Quality Hill; at the time it was ten blocks south of downtown. The building was unfinished when the Civil War broke out; Union forces used the foundations for a cavalry barracks, part of Camp Union. Originally called the Broadway Hotel, it was completed in the late 1860s and was then owned by W. A. Eldridge, of Lawrence, Kansas, and managed by his brother Thomas Eldridge. It was a five-story brick building with a mansard roof. It did not prosper, and in 1870 Coates acquired it and it was renamed the Coates House. In the 1860s, Coates had built an opera house diagonally across 10th Street; it and the hotel catalyzed the development of a wealthy neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Second hotel</h2><br>
<p>Coates had died in April 1887. Beginning in 1888, his widow and family demolished the original hotel and rebuilt it on the same site as the New Coates House Hotel, while enlarging Coates&#39; addition. President Benjamin Harrison stayed in the addition in 1890, before rebuilding was complete. The new hotel opened on January 10, 1891. This building, the northern section of which survives, was designed by Van Brunt & Howe; it has six stories and is of brick with stone ornamentation and stone courses on the upper floors, and white-painted stone with brick courses on the first floor. A balcony extends across each of the two main facades, on Broadway and 10th Street. The building originally had a crenellated parapet inscribed with "Coates House" on both main facades, and turrets or belvederes at the corners; these have been removed, as have the chimneys. It originally formed a rectangle around a central courtyard; the four-story east side, which housed services such as laundry and storage and rooms for employees, was later mostly demolished, leaving a U-shaped building.</p><br>
<p>The new hotel had a marble main staircase and offered services including a barber shop, a florist&#39;s, a bonnet shop, and Turkish baths. It remained a prestigious hotel for several decades; guests after the reopening included Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, Edwin Booth, William Jennings Bryan, and Oscar Wilde. It was nicknamed "the hotel of the presidents".</p><br>
<h2>Fire and rebuilding</h2><br>
<p>On January 28, 1978, by which time it was in disrepair</p><br>
<p>Historic Kansas City Foundation bought the ruined building in July 1979. In 1984 McCormack Baron Salazar, a developer based in St Louis, bought it and restored it as middle- and high-income housing; the company has also redeveloped many other sites in Quality Hill. The exterior renovation was completed in 1987, and in 2009 the plaque commemorating Kersey Coates was returned to the building.</p><br>
<p>There are reports that the building is haunted.</p><br>
<p>Ballintaggart Ogham Stones is a collection of ogham stones forming a National Monument located in County Kerry, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ballintaggart Ogham Stones are located inside a round enclosure (diameter 30 m / 100 ft), immediately east of Dingle racecourse and southeast of the town.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stones were carved in the 5th and 6th centuries AD and served as burial markers.</p><br>
<p>This was anciently the site of a church and old burial ground (An Cheallúnach or An Lisín).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ogham stones are rounded, made of water-rolled sandstone. Eight of them form a circle, each one lying down pointing outwards. The ninth lies at the centre. Several have been inscribed with crosses.</p><br>
<p>CIIC 155: AKEVRITTI (presumably a personal name)</p><br>
<p>CIIC 156: MAQQI-IARI KOỊ MA/QQI MU/CCOI DOVVINIAS (Here is Mac-Iair, son of the Corcu Duibne)</p><br>
<p>CIIC 157: DOVETI MAQQI/ CATTI/NI (of Duibthe, son of Caitne). The language used here is primitive, lacking vowel affection, placing it around the time of Saint Patrick</p><br>
<p>CIIC 158: SUVALLOS MAQ/Q̣Ị DU/COVAROS (of Suvallos son of Ducovaros)</p><br>
<p>CIIC 159: ṂẠQI-DECCDẠ/ ṂẠQ̣Ị/ GLASICONAS (of son of Deichet, son of Glasiconas). The personal name Glasiconas means "grey wolf."</p><br>
<p>CIIC 160: TRIA MAQA MAILAGNI (of the three sons of Maílagnas) / CURCITTI (of Cuircthe). This stone bears a strange cross: with arms of equal length, two with "E" shapes on the end, one with a "Y" and one with a +</p><br>
<p>CIIC 161: INISSIO/NAS (a personal name); like CIIC 157 it dates to the 5th century AD</p><br>
<p>CIIC 162: CUṆẠMAQQ̣I/ AVI CỌRBBI (of Conmac, grandson of Corb)</p><br>
<p>CIIC 163: NTTA-LAMINACCA KO/I ṂA/QQI MỤCOI DOṾṆṢ (here is Laminacca&#39;s champion, son of the Corcu Duibne)</p><br>
<p>Yamuna Eri  is an ancient pond situated in Nallur, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. In 1948, it was listed as one of the protected archaeological monuments in the Jaffna District by the Sri Lankan government.</p><br>
<p>One of the ruins of the Jaffna kingdom, Yamuna Eri is located near the Mantri Manai palace and the Cankilian Thoppu arch. According to the chronological historical book Yalpana Vaipava Malai, it was built during the reign of Jaffna Kingdom King Cinkai Ariyan Cekaracacekaran I (1215–1240). The text describes the King bringing sacred water from India&#39;s Yamuna River and mixing it with the water in the pond.</p><br>
<p>Original text:...நாலு மதிலும் எழுப்பி, வாசலும் ஒழுங்காய் விடுத்து, மாட மாளிகையும், கூட கோபுரங்களையும், பூங்காவையும், பூங்காவன நடுவிலே ஸ்நான மண்டபமும் முப்புடைக் கூபமும் உண்டாக்கி அக்கூபத்திலே, யமுனாநதி தீர்த்தமும் அழைப்பித்துக் கலந்துவிட்டு...</p><br>
<p>Translation:...he afterwards built the city of Nallur with all its ramparts, gates, mansions, palaces, towers, flower-gardens, baths, stables for elephants and horses, halls of justice, pleasure-houses, dwellings for Brahmans and warriors.... He dug a three-sided well with whose water, he mixed water brought from the sacred river Yamunai.</p><br>
<p>The Yalpana Vaipava Malai is contradicted by another source, however, which suggests that the pond was built by a later king, Singai Pararasasegaram (1478–1519).</p><br>
<h2>Panorama view</h2><br>
<p>Lake Balık  is a lava-dammed freshwater lake in Ağrı Province, eastern Turkey. "Balık" is the Turkish word for "fish". It is the country&#39;s one of the lakes with highest elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is situated on the district border of Taşlıçay and Doğubeyazıt in Ağrı Province. The west shore of the lake lies in Taşlıçay and the east shore in Doğubeyazıt. Its distance to Taşlıçay town is 26 km while to Doğubeyazıt town is 60 km. It is 60 km far from Ağrı. Formed by lava dam, the geology and geomorphology of the lake features characteristics of ophiolite and sedimentary rocks. It is situated in Aras Mountains at an elevation of about 2,250 m with respect to main sea level, making it country&#39;s one of the lakes at highest elevation. The average area of its surface is 34 km&sup2;. The maximum depth is 37 m. The lake is fed by a number of creeks from the surrounding mountains and groundwater, and in turn it feeds Gürgüre Creek to the southeast. The lake lies in an area with continental climate. Winters are harsh, and the seasons of spring and fall are short. Precipitation is mostly in the form of snow rather than of rain. In the wintertime, the lake freezes and is covered with ice of thickness up to 20 cm.</p><br>
<h2>Biota</h2><br>
<p>Particularly the southeast of the wetland is covered with reeds. There are agricultural land and meadows in close surroundings of the lake. The fauna of the lake is composed of diverse bird species. An island of size 0.15 hectare in the lake is the nesting area of velvet duck. The lake is so a waterfowl habitat of national importance, however, not under protection. The trout in the lake is consumed as a food and also as a medicine. Observed wildlife in the area around the lake are the bird species eagle, hawk, partridge, wild duck, seagull, quail, woodcock and the mammals hare, fox, wolf.</p><br>
